{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T20:01:10Z","timestamp":1777579270866,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006636","name":"Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-0712898"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-0712898"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swedish Council for Health, Working Life, and Social","award":["2021-00271"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-00271"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-01825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-01825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Well-established associations exist between the risk of small for gestational age (SGA) and unidimensional sociodemographic factors. We investigated social inequalities in SGA risk and adopted an intersectional approach that simultaneously considers different social categories. By doing so, we could assess heterogeneities in SGA risk within unidimensional sociodemographic categories.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We included all live 679\u00a0694 singleton births in Sweden between 2010 and 2016. The outcome was SGA, and the exposures were age, maternal educational level, dichotomous migration status and civil status. Thirty-six possible combinations of these factors constituted the exposure in an intersectional model. We present odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)\u2014a measurement of discriminatory accuracy (i.e. the ability to discriminate the babies born SGA from those who are not).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Women with low education and women born outside Sweden had ORs of 1.46 (95% CI 1.38\u20131.54) and 1.50 (95% CI 1.43\u20131.56) in unidimensional analyses, respectively. Among women aged under 25 with low education who were born outside Sweden and unmarried, the highest OR was 3.06 (2.59\u20133.63). The discriminatory accuracy was low for both the unidimensional model that included all sociodemographic factors (AUC 0. 563) and the intersectional model (AUC 0.571).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The intersectional approach revealed a complex sociodemographic pattern of SGA risk. Sociodemographic factors have a low accuracy in identifying SGA at the individual level, even when quantifying their multi-dimensional intersections. This cautions against interventions targeted to individuals belonging to socially defined groups to reduce social inequalities in SGA risk.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,25]],"date-time":"2023-10-25T19:05:51Z","timestamp":1698260751000},"page":"22-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Social inequalities in the risk of giving birth to a small for gestational age child in Sweden 2010\u201316: a cross-sectional study adopting an intersectional approach"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8110-8376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sten","family":"Axelsson Fisk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lund University , Lund, BMC C14 . Lund, 22185, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ystad Hospital , Ystad, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Alex-Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ystad Hospital , Ystad, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Rostila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University\/Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Aging Research Center (ARC), Karolinska Institutet\/Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2580-7903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Can","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University\/Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9086-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sol Pia","family":"Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University , Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS), Stockholm University\/Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, 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