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We aimed to investigate whether neighbourhood characteristics are related to the presence of depressive symptoms and whether the association is modified by physical activity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This cross-sectional study used the 46-year-old follow-up data (n\u2009=\u20095489) from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Data on depressive symptoms, measured by Beck Depression Inventory-II, and self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity were included. Neighbourhood characteristics, population density, distance to the closest grocery store, bus stops and cycle\/pedestrian paths, distance to the nearest parks and forests, residential greenness and level of urbanicity were calculated using Geographic Information System methods based on participants\u2019 home coordinates.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>According to ordinal logistic regression analyses adjusted for physical activity at different intensities and individual covariates, living in a neighbourhood with higher population density and urbanicity level were associated with a higher risk of experiencing more severe depressive symptoms. Higher residential greenness was associated with a lower risk of experiencing more severe depressive symptoms after adjustment for self-reported light and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and individual covariates. Both higher self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity were independently associated with a lower risk of more severe depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Both residential environment and physical activity behaviour play an important role in depressive symptoms; however, further research among populations of different ages is required. Our findings can be utilized when designing interventions for the prevention of depression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]],"date-time":"2023-12-12T04:02:26Z","timestamp":1702353746000},"page":"114-120","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Associations between neighbourhood characteristics, physical activity and depressive symptoms: the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 Study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Nina","family":"Rautio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7631-4143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marjo","family":"Sepp\u00e4nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markku","family":"Timonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital , Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soile","family":"Puhakka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikko","family":"K\u00e4rmeniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jouko","family":"Miettunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiina","family":"Lankila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Farrahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Institute for Sport and Sport Science, TU Dortmund University , Dortmund, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisa","family":"Niemel\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Research Unit of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raija","family":"Korpelainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu , Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr , Oulu, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024020601163398000_ckad215-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409","article-title":"The epidemiology of depression across cultures","volume":"34","author":"Kessler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"2024020601163398000_ckad215-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0090-3","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses identify 44 risk variants and refine the genetic architecture of major depression","volume":"50","author":"Wray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2024020601163398000_ckad215-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-013-0810-z","article-title":"How do neighborhoods affect depression outcomes? 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