{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T02:34:25Z","timestamp":1794018865675,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"Supplement_1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Despite global initiatives to eliminate dog-mediated human rabies by 2030, the Arabian Peninsula faces challenges due to insufficient data. This review addresses the current rabies situation and knowledge gaps in the region and proposes One Health interventions. Employing a mixed-method approach combining scoping and systematic review, the study commenced with a Delphi discussion to identify knowledge gaps and set objectives. The literature search encompassed published articles and grey literature. The spatial and temporal distribution of rabies was analysed, alongside quantitative meta-analyses to assess prevalence. Rabies virus gene sequences from the NCBI database were examined for reservoir hosts and evolutionary patterns. The final Delphi discussion with experts focused on addressing knowledge gaps and formulating One Health interventions. The first reported human rabies case in this region occurred in Saudi Arabia in 1980. Yemen reported the highest number of cases (439), followed by Iraq (249), Saudi Arabia (91), Jordan (14), and Oman (9). Fox bites accounted for the most cases (47.4%), followed by dog (36.8%) and wild animal (15.8%) bites. The virus was detected in at least 21 animal species. Phylogenetic analysis detected a single strain with two clades, with foxes being the primary virus reservoir. However, the experts expressed scepticism about the accuracy of rabies reports in scientific literature. To achieve the 2030 goal of eliminating dog-mediated human rabies, a stepwise approach towards rabies elimination assessment is crucial in the region. Enhanced surveillance, awareness campaigns, and access to post exposure prophylaxis are essential to address the disease burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckae164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]],"date-time":"2025-01-13T09:01:03Z","timestamp":1736758863000},"page":"i14-i22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Epidemiology, transmission dynamics, risk factors, and future directions of rabies in the Arabian Peninsula using one health approach: a review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7357-9645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Mazharul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality, Doha , Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Graduate Studies, QU Health, Qatar University , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6834-1456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip P","family":"Mshelbwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Industries , NSW,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pronesh","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control & Research , Mohakhali, Dhaka,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6495-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mahmudul","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland , Gatton, Queensland,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Kulshi, Chattogram,","place":["Bangladesh"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8300-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"K. Elfadl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Resources, Ministry of Municipality, Doha , Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3434-5448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiori","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean , Cairo,","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susu M","family":"Zughaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmoubashar","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection and Communicable Diseases Department, Ministry of Public Health , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devendra","family":"Bansal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection and Communicable Diseases Department, Ministry of Public Health , Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2017.1343516","article-title":"Rabies\u2014epidemiology, pathogenesis, public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control: A comprehensive review","volume":"37","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B2","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B3","first-page":"195","article-title":"Rabies in Eastern Saudi Arabia","volume":"3","author":"Bales","year":"1982","journal-title":"Saudi Medical Journal"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2018.10.005","article-title":"Rabies among animals in Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"Kasem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B5"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0010160","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010160","article-title":"From dogs to bats: concerns regarding vampire bat-borne rabies in Brazil","volume":"16","author":"Horta","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B7","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B8","author":"Lumen"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B9","author":"Global Alliance for Rabies Control","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B11","author":"Arab News","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B12","author":"Kovessy","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B13","author":"Saudi Gazette","year":"2016"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B14","author":"World Veterinary Association","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90250-3","article-title":"Epizootic of fox rabies in the Sultanate of Oman","volume":"85","author":"Novelli","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.12816\/0003263","article-title":"Prevalence of rabies in various species in Yemen and risk factors contributing to the spread of the disease","volume":"13","author":"Al-Shamahy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2015.03.016","article-title":"Rabies in Saudi Arabia: a need for epidemiological data","volume":"34","author":"Memish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.26719\/2015.21.8.591","article-title":"Epidemiology of rabies in Oman: a retrospective study (1991\u20132013)","volume":"21","author":"Al Abaidani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Easter Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2075","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002075","article-title":"Rabies in Iraq: trends in human cases 2001-2010 and characterisation of animal rabies strains from Baghdad","volume":"7","author":"Horton","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E0008622","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008622","article-title":"Quantifying and mapping the burden of human and animal rabies in Iraq","volume":"14","author":"Ismail","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.090","article-title":"Human rabies importation to the Middle East: an emerging threat?","volume":"102","author":"Gautret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.04.070","article-title":"First molecular analysis of rabies virus in Qatar and clinical cases imported into Qatar, a case report","volume":"96","author":"Oude Munnink","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2209","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002209","article-title":"Imported human rabies cases worldwide, 1990-2012","volume":"7","author":"Carrara","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003569","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003569","article-title":"Complex epidemiology of a zoonotic disease in a culturally diverse region: phylogeography of rabies virus in the Middle East","volume":"9","author":"Horton","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B25","first-page":"129","article-title":"An epidemiological investigation of rabies in Jordan","volume":"47","author":"Al-Qudah","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Veterinaria"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B26","first-page":"65","article-title":"Wildlife rabies in Oman and the United Arab Emirates","volume":"67","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1992","journal-title":"Relev\u00e9 \u00c9pid\u00e9miologique Hebdomadaire\/Section D'hygi\u00e8ne du Secr\u00e9tariat de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Des Nations = Weekly Epidemiological Record\/Health Section of the Secretariat of the League of Nations"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E27623","DOI":"10.2196\/27623","article-title":"Incidence, trend, and mortality of human exposure to rabies in Yemen, 2011-2017: observational study","volume":"7","author":"Abdulmoghni","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B28","first-page":"355","article-title":"Rabies acquired through kidney transplantation in a child: a case report","volume":"15","author":"Saeed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Clin Transplant"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S1201-9712(01)90092-X","article-title":"Rabies in Oman: failed postexposure vaccination in a lactating woman bitten by a fox","volume":"5","author":"Scrimgeour","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B30","first-page":"41","author":"Shite","year":"2015"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.01.002","article-title":"Dog ownership, abundance and potential for bat-borne rabies spillover in Chile","volume":"118","author":"Astorga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B32","volume-title":"WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies: Third Report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.04.081","article-title":"Intradermal pre-exposure rabies vaccine elicits long lasting immunity","volume":"26","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E 2216631","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.16631","article-title":"Implementation of clinical decision support on emergency department delivery of human rabies immune globulin","volume":"5","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B35","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11040756","article-title":"Developments in rabies vaccines: the path traversed from pasteur to the modern era of immunization","volume":"11","author":"Natesan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31665-3","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a mRNA rabies vaccine in healthy adults: an open-label, non-randomised, prospective, first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial","volume":"390","author":"Alberer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081024","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2022.2081024","article-title":"Safety and clinical efficacy of human rabies immunoglobulin in post exposure prophylaxis for category III animal exposures","volume":"18","author":"Haradanhalli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.08.054","article-title":"Failures of post-exposure rabies prophylaxis","volume":"25","author":"Wilde","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2025011610595148300_ckae164-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11020307","article-title":"Efficacy of oral rabies vaccine baits containing SPBN GASGAS in domestic dogs according to international standards","volume":"11","author":"Bobe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article-pdf\/35\/Supplement_1\/i14\/61415109\/ckae164.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article-pdf\/35\/Supplement_1\/i14\/61415109\/ckae164.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T11:00:10Z","timestamp":1737025210000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article\/35\/Supplement_1\/i14\/7951899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Supplement_1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckae164","relation":{},"ISSN":["1101-1262","1464-360X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1101-1262","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-360X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]]}}}