{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:19:45Z","timestamp":1787008785421,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COVIDRIVE Consortium"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004325","name":"AstraZeneca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004325","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Marketing authorization holders of vaccines typically need to report brand-specific vaccine effectiveness (VE) to the regulatory authorities as part of their regulatory obligations. COVIDRIVE (now id. DRIVE) is a European public\u2013private partnership for respiratory pathogen surveillance and studies of brand-specific VE with long-term follow-up. We report the final VE results from a two-dose primary series AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) vaccine schedule in \u226518-year-old individuals not receiving boosters. Patients (N\u2009=\u20091,333) hospitalized with severe acute respiratory infection at 14 hospitals in Austria, Belgium, Italy, and Spain were included in the test-negative case\u2013control study in 2021\u20132023. Absolute VE was calculated using generalized additive model (GAM), generalized estimating equation (GEE), and spline-based area under the curve (AUC, measuring VE up to 6 months after the last dose of AZD1222). Overall VE (against coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] hospitalization) of an AZD1222 primary series was estimated as 65% using GEE (95% confidence interval [CI]: 52.9\u201374.5), and 69% using GAM (95% CI: 50.1\u201380.9) over the 22-month study period (comparator group: unvaccinated patients). The AUC of the spline-based VE estimate was 74.1% (95% CI: 60.0\u201388.3). VE against hospitalization in study participants who received their second AZD1222 dose 2 months or less before hospitalization was 86% using GEE (95% CI: 77.8\u201391.4), 93% using GAM (95% CI: 67.2\u201398.6). During this study period, where mainly the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron variant was circulating, a two-dose primary series AZD1222 vaccination conferred protection against COVID-19 hospitalization up to at least 6 months after the last dose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckae219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T15:19:14Z","timestamp":1736263154000},"page":"373-378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effectiveness of the AZD1222 vaccine against COVID-19 hospitalization in Europe: final results from the COVIDRIVE test-negative case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Leonie","family":"de Munter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Epidemiology and Pharmacovigilance , Leuven,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilhelmine","family":"Meeraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Evidence, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca , Cambridge,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshat","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Epidemiology and Pharmacovigilance , Leuven,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Mitratza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Epidemiology and Pharmacovigilance , Leuven,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chlo\u00e9","family":"Wyndham-Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Epidemiology and Pharmacovigilance , Leuven,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucy","family":"Carty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Payor Statistics, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca , Cambridge,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Ouwens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical and Payor Statistics, BioPharmaceuticals Medical, AstraZeneca , M\u00f6lndal,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Hartig-Merkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Epidemiology and Pharmacovigilance , Leuven,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Drikite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Epidemiology and Pharmacovigilance , Leuven,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Griet","family":"Rebry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P95 Epidemiology and Pharmacovigilance , Leuven,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Casas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Medicine Department, Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital , Badalona,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Autonomous University of Barcelona , Bellaterra,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP) , Badalona,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainara","family":"Mira-Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaccine Research Department, Fundaci\u00f3n para el Fomento de la Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica (FISABIO) de la Comunitat Valenciana, Salud P\u00fablica , Valencia,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Biomedical Research Consortium of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Icardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interuniversity Research Centre on Influenza and Other Transmissible Infections (CIRI-IT) , Genoa,","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa , Genoa,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Otero-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Epidemiolog\u00eda, Hospital Universitari Vall d\u2019Hebron, Vall d\u2019Hebron Barcelona Campus Hospitalari , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fourth Medical Department with Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Klinik Favoriten\/Kaiser-Franz-Josef Hospital , Vienna,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8995-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre , Brussels,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Holemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Department, Grand H\u00f4pital de Charleroi , Charleroi,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerrit Luit","family":"ten Kate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp , 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