{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T12:15:15Z","timestamp":1792844115364,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic required a shift in healthcare and public health focus and led to numerous public health measures also affecting food- and waterborne diseases (FWDs). We describe the impact of the pandemic using the number of confirmed domestically-acquired and travel-related cases of campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, hepatitis A, shigellosis, and listeriosis notified to ECDC between 2016 and 2021 by Czechia, Denmark, Greece, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. We compared the monthly median number of cases from the pre-pandemic period to those during the pandemic. We used data on international travel controls from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker to assess the impact of travel-related measures on these diseases across the countries. This study emphasizes the substantial differences in transmission routes, surveillance, notification and detection methodologies, as well as testing and sampling practices of these diseases across the different countries. Despite these variations, the overall recorded case numbers for most of the five FWDs decreased during the pandemic (March 2020\u2013December 2021), except for the more severe disease listeriosis, suggesting that health-seeking behaviour and healthcare access played a role in the decline of FWDs with milder symptoms. The proportion of travel-associated cases decreased for most diseases in all countries, particularly for campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, likely due to the travel restrictions. Declines were also observed in the number of domestically-acquired cases. An improved understanding of healthcare-seeking behaviour and testing rates during the pandemic can provide insights into the extent of under-diagnosis in the reduction of cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,19]],"date-time":"2025-07-19T06:44:01Z","timestamp":1752907441000},"page":"1036-1043","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on five food- and waterborne diseases in six European countries, 2016\u201321"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1788-1903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna J","family":"Young","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology Path (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martine Grosos","family":"Aabye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"ECDC Fellowship Programme, Field Epidemiology Path (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ondrej","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health in Prague , Prague,","place":["Czech Republic"]},{"name":"Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University , Prague,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"\u0160pa\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology, National Institute of Public Health in Prague , Prague,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theologia","family":"Sideroglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Epidemiological Surveillance and Interventions for Infectious Diseases, Hellenic National Public Health Organization , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kassiani","family":"Mellou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Epidemiological Surveillance and Interventions for Infectious Diseases, Hellenic National Public Health Organization , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthi","family":"Chrysostomou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Epidemiological Surveillance and Interventions for Infectious Diseases, Hellenic National Public Health Organization , Athens,","place":["Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid H M","family":"Friesema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eelco","family":"Franz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Surveillance of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) , Oslo,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trude M","family":"Lyngstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) , Oslo,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin T","family":"Brandal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Preparedness, Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) , Oslo,","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadja","family":"Karamehmedovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS) , Solna,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikard","family":"Dryselius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Agency of Sweden (PHAS) , Solna,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9709-356X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steen","family":"Ethelberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Global Health Section, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Therese","family":"Westrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101190","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.41.2101190","article-title":"Non-pharmaceutical interventions in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in 30 European countries: the ECDC\u2013JRC response measures database","volume":"27","author":"Lionello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B2","volume-title":"Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021. Salmonellosis","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B3","volume-title":"Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021. Campylobacteriosis.","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B4","first-page":"e07666","article-title":"The European Union one health 2021 zoonoses report","volume":"20","author":"European Food Safety Authority & European Centre for Disease Prevention Control","year":"2022","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060645","article-title":"Source attribution of human campylobacteriosis using whole-genome sequencing data and network analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wainaina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812002774","article-title":"Campylobacter seroconversion rates in selected countries in the European Union","volume":"141","author":"Teunis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-523","article-title":"Serological cross-sectional studies on salmonella incidence in eight European countries: no correlation with incidence of reported cases","volume":"12","author":"Falkenhorst","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13821","article-title":"Hepatitis A occurrence and outbreaks in Europe over the past two decades: a systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Andani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)33296-8","article-title":"Shigellosis","volume":"391","author":"Kotloff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B10","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B11","volume-title":"Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021. Listeriosis","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B12","volume-title":"The European Surveillance System (TESSy)","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B13","author":"Official Journal of the European Union","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-021-01079-8"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100103","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated non-pharmaceutical interventions on other notifiable infectious diseases in Germany: An analysis of national surveillance data during week 1-2016- week 32-2020","volume":"6","author":"Ullrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17504","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22317-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of acute gastroenteritis in France from november 2019\u2013August 2021, in light of reported adherence to COVID-19 barrier measures","volume":"12","author":"Nisavanh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B17","author":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B18","volume-title":"Nationale Referenzzentrale Campylobacter","author":"Bundesministerium Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B19","volume-title":"Nationale Referenzzentrale F\u00fcr Salmonellen","author":"Bundesministerium Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B20","volume-title":"Nationale Referenzzentrale F\u00fcr Listeriose","author":"Bundesministerium Soziales, Gesundheit, Pflege und Konsumentenschutz","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B21","author":"Folkh\u00e4lsomyndigheten"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2022.0064","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the reported incidence of select bacterial enteric diseases in Canada, 2020","volume":"20","author":"Dougherty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B23","author":"Horn","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.101997","article-title":"The impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic on notifiable infectious diseases in Taiwan: a database analysis","volume":"40","author":"Lai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.33321\/cdi.2022.46.2","article-title":"Salmonellosis in Australia in 2020: possible impacts of COVID-19 related public health measures","volume":"46","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7038a4","article-title":"Decreased incidence of infections caused by pathogens transmitted commonly through food during the COVID-19 pandemic\u2014foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 US sites, 2017\u20132020","volume":"70","author":"Ray","year":"2021","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821002557","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on human salmonellosis in the Netherlands","volume":"149","author":"Mughini-Gras","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e050469","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050469","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on gastrointestinal infection trends in England, February\u2013July 2020","volume":"12","author":"Love","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3070","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063070","article-title":"A significant decrease in the incidence of shigellosis in Israel during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"18","author":"Bassal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026882300136X","article-title":"Understanding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic response on GI infection surveillance trends in England, january 2020\u2013april 2022","volume":"151","author":"Love","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B31","author":"Folkhalsomyndigheten"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000011","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.35.2000011","article-title":"Large waterborne Campylobacter outbreak: use of multiple approaches to investigate contamination of the drinking water supply system, Norway, June 2019","volume":"25","author":"Hyllestad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001396","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.22.2001396","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing data used for surveillance of Campylobacter infections: detection of a large continuous outbreak, Denmark, 2019","volume":"26","author":"Joensen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaa220","article-title":"Public health and clinical implications of multidrug-resistant shigellosis cases in a reception centre for refugees\/migrants, Greece, October\u2013December 2019","volume":"31","author":"Mellou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B35","author":"Annual Report on Zoonoses in Denmark 2020","year":"2021"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B36","volume-title":"Epidemiological Update: Hepatitis A Outbreak in the EU\/EEA Mostly Affecting Men Who Have Sex with Men","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2018"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B37","first-page":"23","article-title":"Spillover of a hepatitis A outbreak among men who have sex with men (MSM) to the general population, the Netherlands","volume":"2018","author":"Friesema","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B38","volume-title":"Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021. Hepatitis A","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820000382","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis A in Greece in the last decade: management of reported cases and outbreaks and lessons learned","volume":"148","author":"Mellou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025101607024347800_ckaf101-B40","author":"Lyngstad","year":"2022"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf101\/63797495\/ckaf101.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf101\/63797495\/ckaf101.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T11:03:15Z","timestamp":1760612595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article\/35\/5\/1036\/8206750"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1101-1262","1464-360X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1101-1262","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-360X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]}}}