{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:10:12Z","timestamp":1790115012612,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Montenegro has been at the top of the European antibiotic (AB) consumption list for a decade. Also, the invasive isolates of significant Gram \u201c\u2212\u201d pathogens have one of the highest rates of resistance to key AB in Europe. A COVID-19 pandemic announced in 2020 had a significant impact on AB consumption globally. We analysed the consumption of AB in the pre-COVID (2019) and COVID-19 pandemic (2020, 2021, and 2022) period, and compared it with data on the resistance of Gram \u201c\u2212\u201d invasive isolates of important pathogens to key AB. Data on total AB consumption in Montenegro (2011\u20132022) show that the growth rate in 2021 compared to 2020 was 14.04%, which is a statistically significantly higher value compared to previous years (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.005, Z-value\u2009=\u20097.43). Additionally, there was a change in the structure of AB consumed, including hospital AB. Resistance of Escherichia coli to the third generation of cephalosporins increased significantly from 38% (9\/24) in 2019 to 67% (16\/24) in the COVID (2022) year (\u03c72\u2009=\u20094.0904, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05). The highest rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance to carbapenems was recorded in 2022, 47% (18\/38), and was significantly higher compared to 2019 (17% (4\/23)) (\u03c72\u2009=\u20095.5838, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05). The rate of resistance to macrolides of Staphylococcus aureus strains increased significantly from 11% (101\/920) in 2019 to 18% (134\/735) in 2022 (\u03c72\u2009=\u200917\u2009640; P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). COVID-19 pandemic altered the resistance map of important pathogens to key antibiotics in Montenegro. A complete national stewardship program must be developed, and the surveillance should be rigorously enhanced and maintained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T12:00:53Z","timestamp":1756555253000},"page":"1295-1299","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the antibiotic consumption and resistance in Montenegro"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Gordana","family":"Mijovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro , Podgorica,","place":["Montenegro"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Raicevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro , Podgorica,","place":["Montenegro"]},{"name":"Institute for Children\u2019s Diseases, Clinical Centre of Montenegro , Podgorica,","place":["Montenegro"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Lopicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Public Health of Montenegro , Podgorica,","place":["Montenegro"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slavica","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statpro DOO , Podgorica,","place":["Montenegro"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Jaksic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro , Podgorica,","place":["Montenegro"]},{"name":"Institute for Children\u2019s Diseases, Clinical Centre of Montenegro , Podgorica,","place":["Montenegro"]},{"name":"Center for Science, Clinical Center of Montenegro , Podgorica,","place":["Montenegro"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121614263221300_ckaf167-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12111576","article-title":"Overview of availability, cost, and affordability of antibiotics for adults in Jordan: an AWaRe classification perspective","volume":"12","author":"Darwish Elhajji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"2025121614263221300_ckaf167-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.12.018","article-title":"Antibiotic prescribing in patients with COVID-19: rapid review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Langford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2025121614263221300_ckaf167-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab236","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab236","article-title":"Trends in antibiotic 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