{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T01:08:24Z","timestamp":1765933704052,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010473","name":"AFA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200362"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010473","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-00154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-00154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Several diagnoses have been associated with\u00a0increased\u00a0risk for adverse health outcomes following COVID-19 infection. Whether these diagnoses also predispose individuals to long-term sickness absence (SA) due to COVID-19 is unclear. The aim was to examine associations between risk diagnoses and long-term SA due to COVID-19\/COVID-19-like diagnoses among blue-collar workers in the retail and wholesale industry. We conducted a\u00a0two-year prospective cohort study of all blue-collar workers aged 18\u201367 in 2019, employed in retail and wholesale industry in Sweden (N\u2009=\u2009292\u2009274), using linked microdata from several nationwide registers. We estimated odds ratios (OR) through logistic regression models to determine the association between diagnoses linked with adverse health outcomes following COVID-19 infection and SA spells due to COVID-19\/COVID-19-like diagnoses in 2020\u20132021. We included COVID-19-like diagnoses because of diagnostic uncertainty early in the pandemic. Of all the workers, 34\u2009594 (11.8%) had least one COVID-19 risk diagnosis. Only 7812 (2.7%) workers had SA due to COVID-19\/COVID-19-like diagnoses in the two-year follow-up (2020\u20132021). Most risk diagnoses were associated with elevated likelihoods of SA due to COVID-19, particularly immunodeficiency (OR 2.58; 95% CI 1.68\u20133.27) and respiratory disease (2.00; 1.89\u20132.12). The associations for these diagnoses and diabetes and hypertension persisted after we stratified by prior SA, but no other risk diagnosis was significantly associated with SA due to COVID-19\/COVID-19-like diagnoses among those with prior SA in 2019. Stratifying on all-cause SA thus removed the association between most COVID-19 risk diagnoses and SA due to COVID-19\/COVID-19-like diagnoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,9]],"date-time":"2025-11-09T09:29:49Z","timestamp":1762680589000},"page":"1300-1306","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations between diagnoses linked with adverse COVID-19-related outcomes and sickness absence due to COVID-19 or COVID-19 like diagnoses: a prospective Swedish cohort study of 292\u2009274 blue-collar workers in the retail and wholesale industry"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Cybulski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Pettersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Alexanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9595-6627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin","family":"Farrants","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Insurance Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e054533","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054533","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sickness absence for mental ill health in National Health Service staff","volume":"11","author":"van der Plaat","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2022-108451","article-title":"Sick leave due to COVID-19 during the first pandemic wave in France, 2020","volume":"80","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580546","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.580546","article-title":"COVID-19 and sick leave: an analysis of the ibermutua cohort of over 1,651,305 Spanish workers in the first trimester of 2020","volume":"8","author":"Calvo-Bonacho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2022-108555","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sick leave among healthcare workers: a register-based observational study","volume":"80","author":"Reme","year":"2023","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0260652","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260652","article-title":"Patterns and predictors of sick leave among Swedish non-hospitalized healthcare and residential care workers with Covid-19 during the early phase of the pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Kisiel","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2021-107628","article-title":"Risks of COVID-19 by occupation in NHS workers in England","volume":"79","author":"van der Plaat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"year":"2020","author":"Office of National Statistics","key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B7"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.4037","article-title":"Occupation and SARS-CoV-2 infection risk among 108 960 workers during the first pandemic wave in Germany","volume":"48","author":"Reuter","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001875","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.40.2001875","article-title":"Occupational risk of COVID-19 in the first versus second epidemic wave in Norway, 2020","volume":"26","author":"Magnusson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001884","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.50.2001884","article-title":"Occupation- and age-associated risk of SARS-CoV-2 test positivity, The Netherlands, June to October 2020","volume":"25","author":"de Gier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940410028136","article-title":"Role clarity, fairness, and organizational climate as predictors of sickness absence: a prospective study in the private sector","volume":"32","author":"V\u00e4\u00e4n\u00e4nen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckp162","article-title":"Interrelationships between education, occupational class, income and sickness absence","volume":"20","author":"Piha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1080\/02841860902913546","article-title":"Occupation and cancer\u2014follow-up of 15 million people in five Nordic countries","volume":"48","author":"Pukkala","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Oncol"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01320-8","article-title":"Mortality rates and cardiovascular disease burden in type 2 diabetes by occupation, results from all Swedish employees in 2002\u20132015","volume":"20","author":"Carlsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22756","article-title":"Physical activity and 22-year all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality","volume":"60","author":"Krause","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-9713.2004.00058.x","volume-title":"Status Syndrome: How Your Social Standing Directly Affects Your Health and Life Expectancy","author":"Marmot","year":"2004"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06536-3","article-title":"Mortality-related risk factors of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 42 studies and 423,117 patients","volume":"21","author":"Dessie","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"year":"2020","key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B18"},{"year":"2022","key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B19"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-009-9350-y","article-title":"The Swedish personal identity number: possibilities and pitfalls in healthcare and medical research","volume":"24","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00511-8","article-title":"The longitudinal integrated database for health insurance and labour market studies (LISA) and its use in medical research","volume":"34","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"volume-title":"MiDAS Sjukpenning och rehabiliteringspenning","year":"2011","author":"\u00d6sterlund","key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B22"},{"year":"2012","key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B23"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494820934275","article-title":"Sickness absence among privately employed white-collar workers: a total population study in Sweden","volume":"49","author":"Farrants","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"year":"2021","key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B25"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2007.034983","article-title":"Factors associated with long-term sick leave in sick-listed employees: a systematic review","volume":"65","author":"Dekkers-Sanchez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/08959420.2021.2022950","article-title":"Trends in associations between sickness absence before the age of 65 and being in paid work after the age of 65: prospective study of three total population cohorts","volume":"35","author":"Farrants","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Aging Soc Policy"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15115-x","article-title":"Impact of pre-pandemic sick leave diagnoses on the length of COVID-19-related sick leave: a nationwide registry-based study","volume":"23","author":"Abzhandadze","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckad191","article-title":"The sociodemographic patterning of sick leave and determinants of longer sick leave after mild and severe COVID-19: a nationwide register-based study in Sweden","volume":"34","author":"Spetz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00440-y","article-title":"A cross-sectional and population-based study from primary care on post-COVID-19 conditions in non-hospitalized patients","volume":"4","author":"Ose","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E66","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd18.210123","article-title":"Underlying medical conditions and severe illness among 540,667 adults hospitalized with COVID-19, March 2020\u2013March 2021","volume":"18","author":"Kompaniyets","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis."},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-138577","article-title":"COVID-19: current understanding of its pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment","volume":"97","author":"Parasher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb45010003","article-title":"Autoimmunity and immunodeficiency in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and prolonged COVID-19","volume":"45","author":"Garmendia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100054","article-title":"Mortality trends among hospitalised COVID-19 patients in Sweden: a nationwide observational cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Str\u00e5lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4918","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09027-w","article-title":"BMI, sex and outcomes in hospitalised patients in Western Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"Lindgren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e446","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.446","article-title":"Characteristics and definitive outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to a secondary hospital intensive care unit in Sweden","volume":"4","author":"Sjostrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002634","article-title":"Sickness absence and disability pension in the trade and retail industry: a prospective cohort study of 192,000 white-collar workers in Sweden","volume":"64","author":"Farrants","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/14034950410021853","article-title":"Swedish council on technology assessment in health care (SBU). Chapter 5. Risk factors for sick leave\u2014general studies","volume":"32","author":"Allebeck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Publ Health"},{"key":"2025121620040895300_ckaf177-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.2478\/v10001-009-0013-8","article-title":"A literature review on sick leave determinants (1984\u20132004)","volume":"22","author":"Beemsterboer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article-pdf\/35\/6\/1300\/65241747\/ckaf177.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article-pdf\/35\/6\/1300\/65241747\/ckaf177.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T01:04:21Z","timestamp":1765933461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article\/35\/6\/1300\/8316903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1101-1262","1464-360X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1101-1262"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1464-360X"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]}}}