{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:06:38Z","timestamp":1785769598165,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare","award":["2018-00864 to C.N."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-00864 to C.N."]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003173","name":"Crafoord Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20180659 to C.N."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180659 to C.N."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006285","name":"Magnus Bergvall Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201802669 to C.N."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201802669 to C.N."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tattoo ink on the European market has been reported to contain many human toxicants, which has raised concerns about health effects. Clarifying the exposure distribution in the population is key to understanding potential public health implications. We investigated the prevalence of tattoos in a population-based Swedish cohort of 13\u00a0046 individuals aged 20\u201368\u2009years with exposure data collected through a questionnaire in 2021. In addition, we characterized the tattooed population in terms of sociodemographic and socioeconomic determinants and exposure characteristics using multivariable logistic regression, regressing tattoo status on sex, age, educational attainment, marital status, smoking, snuff use, and alcohol consumption. The age-standardized tattoo prevalence was estimated at 29% (95% confidence interval [CI] 27%\u201330%). Tattoos were more common in the younger age groups, particularly among females. Males were younger when they received their first tattoo and tended to have a larger tattooed body surface. Tattoo exposure was associated with unfavourable socioeconomic characteristics, with the highest odds ratio observed for current smokers compared with never-smokers (2.86; 95% CI 2.42\u20133.38). Our results suggest that any tattoo-related adverse effects may exacerbate existing inequalities in health. Additionally, the high prevalence in younger age groups indicates a likely shift in the characteristics of the tattooed population over time, which may have further implications for public health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T16:31:27Z","timestamp":1763137887000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tattoos in the general Swedish population: prevalence, determinants, and exposure characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3940-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christel","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University , Lund,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense,","place":["Denmark"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7192-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna S","family":"J\u00f6ud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University , Lund,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Research and Education, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital , Lund,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e484\u20136","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15808","article-title":"The prevalence of tattooing and motivations in five major countries over the world","volume":"33","author":"Kluger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1267080","DOI":"10.1080\/19381980.2016.1267080","article-title":"Socio-epidemiologic aspects and cutaneous side effects of permanent tattoos in Germany\u2014tattoos are not restricted to a specific social phenotype","volume":"9","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatoendocrinol"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B3","first-page":"e48167","article-title":"Think before you ink: perception, prevalence, and correlates of tattooing and tattoo regret in US adults","volume":"15","author":"Morlock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B4","author":"Piccinini P","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B5","author":"Swedish Medical Products Agency"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.13035.1","article-title":"Identification of organic pigments in tattoo inks and permanent make-ups using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry","volume":"6","author":"Niederer","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B7","author":"Swedish Chemicals Agency","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B8","first-page":"126","article-title":"The tattooed population in Italy: a national survey on demography, characteristics and perception of health risks","volume":"54","author":"Renzoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Ist Super Sanita"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12399","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of tattooing in Norway: a large-scale cross-sectional study","volume":"58","author":"Sagoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Psychol"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.10.059","article-title":"Tattooing: a national survey in the general population of France","volume":"81","author":"Kluger","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1159\/000535536","article-title":"Tattoo-associated skin reactions: a Danish population-based survey in 5,914 tattooed individuals","volume":"240","author":"Friis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B12","author":"Public Health Agency of Sweden","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-022-03576-2","article-title":"Laser tattoo removal: laser principles and an updated guide for clinicians","volume":"37","author":"Hernandez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-021-00364-y","article-title":"Current knowledge of the degradation products of tattoo pigments by sunlight, laser irradiation and metabolism: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Fraser","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2023.66","article-title":"Immune response in laser tattoo removal: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Tjipta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Lasers Med Sci"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e069664","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069664","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Swedish tattoo and body modifications cohort (TABOO)","volume":"13","author":"Nielsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2011.10.005","article-title":"Who gets tattoos? Demographic and behavioral correlates of ever being tattooed in a representative sample of men and women","volume":"22","author":"Heywood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B18","first-page":"439","article-title":"Sociocultural overview and predisposing factors of body art in a health promotion perspective: survey on a sample of Italian young adults","volume":"34","author":"Scatigna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Ig"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B19","author":"Tavoosi","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026060302214802000_ckaf178-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.2007.01301.x","article-title":"Modern tattoos cause high concentrations of hazardous pigments in skin","volume":"58","author":"Engel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contact Dermatitis"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article-pdf\/36\/3\/ckaf178\/65291700\/ckaf178.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article-pdf\/36\/3\/ckaf178\/65291700\/ckaf178.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T06:21:54Z","timestamp":1780467714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf178\/8323409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf178","relation":{},"ISSN":["1101-1262","1464-360X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1101-1262","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-360X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"article-number":"ckaf178"}}