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Although smoking is largely a social behavior, the underlying social network mechanisms for this are still unclear. We disentangled and tested potential social network mechanisms responsible for persistent ethnic inequalities in smoking. We applied Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models for 1644 friendships of 299 Roma and Non-Roma Hungarian adolescents in nine classes and 1605 antipathies of 294 adolescents in eight school classes over two panel waves. Adolescents were more likely to nominate same-ethnic peers as friends [odds ratio (OR) of Non-Roma nominating a Non-Roma\u2009=\u20091.15; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03\u20131.28] and less likely to nominate them as antipathies (OR of Roma nominating a Roma\u2009=\u20090.77; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.68\u20130.87). Smokers were more likely than non-smokers to receive friendship nominations (OR\u2009=\u20091.18; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.01\u20131.38) but did not statistically significantly differ in antipathy nominations (OR\u2009=\u20091.16; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.97\u20131.39). Non-Roma smokers tended to nominate as friends other Non-Roma smokers (OR\u2009=\u20091.37; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.12\u20131.68) and avoided nominating Roma non-smokers (OR\u2009=\u20090.55; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.35\u20130.87). Neither friends (OR\u2009=\u20091.28; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.88\u20131.86) nor antipathies (OR\u2009=\u20091.15; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.69\u20131.91) influenced peers\u2019 smoking behaviors significantly. We identified three processes that could potentially contribute to ethnic smoking inequalities: (i) adolescents tend to nominate same-ethnic peers as friends, (ii) smokers are attractive for friendship selection, and (iii) Roma received higher encouragement to smoke than Non-Roma since Non-Roma received more while Roma received less friendship nomination from Non-Roma peers if they do not smoke. We found no impact of antipathy on smoking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T13:01:15Z","timestamp":1763038875000},"page":"135-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Social network mechanisms of ethnic inequalities in smoking among adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1676-5951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rta K","family":"Rad\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Management and Engineering, Institute for Analytical Sociology, Link\u00f6ping University , Norrk\u00f6ping,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Centre Urbanisation Culture Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , Montr\u00e9al, QC,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8609-0718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorottya","family":"Kisfalusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Engineering, Institute for Analytical Sociology, Link\u00f6ping University , Norrk\u00f6ping,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Computational Social Science\u2013Research Center for Educational and Network Studies (CSS-RECENS), ELTE Centre for Social Sciences , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1318-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony A","family":"Laverty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London , London,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank J","family":"van Lenthe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Utrecht University , Utrecht,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4907-6466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasper V","family":"Been","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Urbanisation Culture Soci\u00e9t\u00e9, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique , Montr\u00e9al, QC,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam , Rotterdam,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1roly","family":"Tak\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management and Engineering, Institute for Analytical Sociology, Link\u00f6ping University , Norrk\u00f6ping,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Computational Social Science\u2013Research Center for Educational and Network Studies (CSS-RECENS), ELTE Centre for Social Sciences , Budapest,","place":["Hungary"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021717513738100_ckaf215-B1","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026021717513738100_ckaf215-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14234","article-title":"Global statistics on alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report","volume":"113","author":"Peacock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2026021717513738100_ckaf215-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckq102","article-title":"The socio-economic determinants of the health status of Roma in comparison with non-Roma in 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Iskolai ellenkult\u00fara hi\u00e1nya a magyarorsz\u00e1gi roma tanul\u00f3k k\u00f6r\u00e9ben (The beginning of a beautiful friendship)","volume-title":"Szociologiai Szemle (Hungarian Sociological Review)","author":"Habsz","year":"2018"},{"key":"2026021717513738100_ckaf215-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.111609","article-title":"Emergence of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking and overweight and obesity in early adulthood: the national longitudinal study of adolescent health","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2026021717513738100_ckaf215-B25","article-title":"Socio-economic inequalities in smoking and drinking in adolescence: assessment of social network 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