{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T18:23:27Z","timestamp":1775759007120,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry for Education and Research","award":["BMBF01HP 684\/8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BMBF01HP 684\/8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The incidence of germ-cell testicular cancer (TC) has increased in recent decades. Current evidence does not indicate a unanimous association between occupational exposure to welding fumes and TC risk. However, most publications do not provide information on exposure levels to welding fumes. We investigated the association between occupational exposure to welding fumes and the risk of TC in a German case\u2013control study (268 cases and 797 control subjects). A measurement-based welding-exposure matrix was used to estimate year-specific exposure values which were linked to job-task descriptions. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated via logistic regression, conditional on study area and 5-year age groups. ORs were adjusted for a history of cryptorchidism, a family history of TC, and ever exposure to metal-working fluids (MWF). Regular welding was associated with an elevated TC risk (OR: 2.26, CI: 0.92\u20135.53) compared to occasional welding (OR: 1.14, CI: 0.78\u20131.69). For non-seminoma, there was an indication of a strong association among regular welders (OR: 3.71, CI: 1.08\u201312.80) and for non-welders using MWFs (OR: 3.39, CI: 1.21\u20139.53). However, these estimates were based on few exposed cases. We did not observe dose\u2013effect relationships with increasing lifetime exposure to welding fumes, duration, or average intensity. We found an association between regular welding and TC risk based on standardized job-task descriptions, but not when using the year-specific exposure values.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckaf255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T12:41:18Z","timestamp":1765888878000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk of testicular cancer and exposure to welding fumes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8662-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Kendzia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) , Bochum,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) , Bochum,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Br\u00fcning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) , Bochum,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6363-9061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Stang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"School of Public Health, Bos, Boston University , Boston, MA,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl-Heinz","family":"J\u00f6ckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Hospital Essen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Ahrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz-Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS GmbH and Institute for Statistics, University of Bremen, Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research , Bremen,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026040913283959400_ckaf255-B1","volume-title":"Welding, Molybdenum Trioxide, and Indium Tin Oxide","author":"International Agency for Research on 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