{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:08:40Z","timestamp":1788815320465,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Occupational exposure to cancer risk factors is an important avoidable cause of cancer. The European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) conducted a Workers\u2019 Exposure Survey (WES) on cancer risk factors to increase knowledge on the prevalence and circumstances of exposure to 24 known cancer risk factors and on workplace prevention strategies in Europe. This manuscript focusses on the human health and social care work activities (HeSCare) sector, one of the largest occupational sectors in Europe. WES includes 24\u2009402 telephone interviews from 2022 to 2023 on workers in Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, and Spain. WES uses the Occupational Integrated Database Exposure Assessment System (OccIDEAS) where probable exposure to selected cancer risk factors during the last working week was automatically estimated based on workers\u2019 answers to detailed sets of questions adapted to the EU context. There were 3041 workers affiliated with the HeSCare sector and almost two-thirds (65.3%) were female. A total of 29.5% of workers were probably exposed to one or more of the included cancer risk factors and 7.8% to two or more. The most common exposures among those considered were to ionizing radiation (7.4%), diesel engine exhaust emissions (6.2%), solar ultraviolet radiation (6.1%), formaldehyde (5.2%), and benzene (4.8%). The most frequent exposures estimated to occur at a high level in HeSCare were formaldehyde (2.3%) and ethylene oxide (2.0%). WES provides valuable sector-specific data about exposure to the most common cancer risk factors in occupational settings in Europe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckag056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T12:38:47Z","timestamp":1773751127000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occupational exposure to cancer risk factors among health and social care workers in Europe: results from the Workers\u2019 Exposure Survey"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Waseem","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3504-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miquel","family":"Vallbona-Vist\u00f3s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Cavet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA), Prevention and Research Unit , Bilbao,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Vilahur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA), Prevention and Research Unit , Bilbao,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6431-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle C","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal) , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) , Barcelona,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"CIBER Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP) , Madrid,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090716313732400_ckag056-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.70174","article-title":"European code against cancer, 5th edition - occupational exposures and cancer","volume":"20","author":"Jochems","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"2026090716313732400_ckag056-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-106012","article-title":"Global and regional burden of cancer in 2016 arising from occupational exposure to selected carcinogens: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"77","author":"GBD 2016 Occupational Carcinogens Collaborators","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026090716313732400_ckag056-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2017-104944","article-title":"Identifying occupational carcinogens: an update from the IARC monographs","volume":"75","author":"Loomis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"2026090716313732400_ckag056-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00390-4","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of occupational exposure as a firefighter","volume":"23","author":"Demers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026090716313732400_ckag056-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1470","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(25)00165-2","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of automotive gasoline and some oxygenated gasoline additives","volume":"Mar 20","author":"Turner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"2026090716313732400_ckag056-B6","author":"European Agency for Safety and Health at Work","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090716313732400_ckag056-B7","volume-title":"Occupational Cancer Risk Factors in Europe \u2013 Methodology of the Workers\u2019 Exposure Survey","author":"European Agency for Safety and Health at Work","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090716313732400_ckag056-B8","volume-title":"Occupational Cancer Risk Factors in Europe \u2013 Overview of the Findings of the Workers\u2019 Exposure Survey","author":"European Agency for Safety and Health at Work","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026090716313732400_ckag056-B9","volume-title":"NACE Rev. 2. 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