{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:09:08Z","timestamp":1788815348571,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Foundation for Science and Technology","award":["2022.06837.PTDC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022.06837.PTDC"]}]},{"name":"Programa Operacional de Sa\u00fade\u2014Sa\u00fade XXI, Quadro Comunit\u00e1rio de Apoio III"},{"name":"Administra\u00e7\u00e3o Regional de Sa\u00fade Norte"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children\u2019s exposure to parental violence increases the risk of adverse health outcomes. We aimed to examine how combinations of maternal and paternal violent disciplinary practices at ages 7 and 13\u00a0years shape adolescents\u2019 health-related behaviors and depressive symptoms. This cohort study included 4,610 participants from the Portuguese Generation XXI birth cohort, enrolled at birth (2005\u20132006) and followed up at ages 7 and 13\u2009years. Maternal and paternal disciplinary tactics were reported using the Parent\u2013Child Conflict Tactics Scale, assessing psychological aggression, corporal punishment, and severe physical assault. Outcomes at age 13\u00a0years included health-related behaviors (fighting and substance use) and depressive symptoms. Combined effects of maternal and paternal discipline were assessed using multiplicative and additive interaction models. Mothers used corporal punishment and severe physical assault more frequently with boys, whereas fathers used all types of violent discipline more often with boys than with girls. The use of either corporal punishment or psychological aggression by both mothers and fathers was associated with a multiplicative effect on adolescent substance use. Psychological aggression by both parents also showed an additive effect on risky health-related behaviors and depressive symptoms. The use of severe physical violence by both parents was associated with an additive interaction on health-related bahaviors and depressive symptoms. The combined use of violent discipline by fathers and mothers was associated with a multiplicative increase in the likelihood of adolescent negative health-related behaviors and depressive symptoms, suggesting a synergistic effect with significant implications for early interventions and prevention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckag104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T11:43:31Z","timestamp":1780141411000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parental violent discipline and adolescent health: is there a different effect when one or both parents are involved?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Mariana","family":"Amorim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit ITR, Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milton","family":"Severo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit ITR, Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"Fraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EPIUnit ITR, Instituto de Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, Universidade do Porto , Porto,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090716331062800_ckag104-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/s0145-2134(97)00174-9","article-title":"Identification of child maltreatment with the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales: development and psychometric data for a national sample of American parents","volume":"22","author":"Straus","year":"1998","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"2026090716331062800_ckag104-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241230552","article-title":"Prevalence of parental violent discipline toward children: findings from a Portuguese population","volume":"39","author":"Abrahamyan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"2026090716331062800_ckag104-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/fam0000191","article-title":"Spanking and child outcomes: old controversies and new meta-analyses","volume":"30","author":"Gershoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"key":"2026090716331062800_ckag104-B4","volume-title":"A Familiar Face: Violence in the Lives of Children and Adolescents","author":"UNICEF","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026090716331062800_ckag104-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2022.105898","article-title":"Childhood violence exposure and externalizing behaviors: a systematic review of the role of physiological biomarkers","volume":"145","author":"Chong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2026090716331062800_ckag104-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e104793","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104793","article-title":"Exploring the relation of harsh parental discipline with child emotional and behavioral problems by using multiple informants. 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