{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:08:40Z","timestamp":1788815320511,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Directorate of Health of the Canton of Geneva and Geneva University Hospitals"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A global decline in age at menarche has raised concerns about its long-term health and social consequences. This study investigates temporal trends in age at menarche in a Swiss population born between 1936 and 1989 and assesses associations with sociodemographic, metabolic, and reproductive health factors. Age at menarche was examined across birth cohorts to assess temporal trends. Using an outcome-wide analytical framework, adjusted for age, survey year, and education, logistic and linear regression models examined the associations between menarche timing and sociodemographic, metabolic, and reproductive health factors. The sample included 6462 women aged 34\u201375. Mean age at menarche was 13.1\u2009years, decreasing from 14.1 (born in 1936) to 12.9 (born in 1989). Early menarche (&amp;lt;12\u2009years) was associated with lower income (aOR\u2009=\u20090.79; 95% CI: 0.67\u20130.93), higher odds of hypertension (aOR 1.41; 1.18\u20131.67), diabetes (aOR 1.40; 1.05\u20131.83), hypercholesterolemia (aOR 1.27; 1.07\u20131.49), shorter stature (\u22122.12\u2009cm), higher BMI, increased hysterectomy prevalence (aOR 1.69; 1.33\u20132.13), and longer reproductive lifespan (+1.59\u2009years). Late menarche (&amp;gt;14\u2009years) was associated with increased stillbirth (aOR 1.80; 1.12\u20132.84) and ectopic pregnancy risks (aOR 1.45; 1.04\u20132.00) (however to be seen as exploratory as not significant after FDR correction), different menstrual patterns, reduced reproductive lifespan (\u22123.12\u2009years), and lower education (aOR 0.81; 0.71\u20130.93). Age at menarche has declined in Geneva and is associated with various health outcomes. Including menarche timing in clinical assessments could improve risk stratification and preventive care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckag118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T11:25:00Z","timestamp":1782127500000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age at menarche association with metabolic, reproductive, and sociodemographic factors: a population-based cross-sectional analysis using an outcome-wide framework in Geneva, Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Claire","family":"Chevalier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxane","family":"Dumont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Mechoullam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Schrempft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idris","family":"Guessous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva , Geneva,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayssam","family":"Nehme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Primary Care Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals , Geneva,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Department of Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva , Geneva,","place":["Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Lacroix","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e003689","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003689","article-title":"Timing and determinants of age at menarche in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"5","author":"Leone","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17051703","article-title":"A systematic literature review of factors affecting the timing of menarche: the potential for climate change to impact women\u2019s health","volume":"17","author":"Canel\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101266","article-title":"Association between obesity and puberty timing: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802328","article-title":"Role of obesity and leptin in the pubertal process and pubertal growth\u2014a review","volume":"27","author":"Shalitin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092544","article-title":"Nutrient intake through childhood and early menarche onset in girls: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2014.06.007","article-title":"Meat consumption: trends and quality matters","volume":"98","author":"Henchion","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104748","article-title":"Exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and age of menarche in adolescent girls in NHANES (2003\u20132008)","volume":"120","author":"Buttke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2012.08.005","article-title":"A prospective study of childhood social hardships and age at menarche","volume":"22","author":"Boynton-Jarrett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020494","DOI":"10.1590\/1984-0462\/2022\/40\/2020494","article-title":"Menstrual cycle among adolescents: girls\u2019 awareness and influence of age at menarche and overweight","volume":"40","author":"Marques","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Paul Pediatr"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20241800","article-title":"Exploring societal and environmental influences on decreasing menarcheal age: a comprehensive review","volume":"13","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"hoac005","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac005","article-title":"Women\u2019s reproductive span: a systematic scoping review","volume":"2022","author":"Nabhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000002419","article-title":"Association between reproductive lifespan and multimorbidity among Chinese postmenopausal women","volume":"31","author":"Jiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.006713","article-title":"Duration of reproductive life span, age at menarche, and age at menopause are associated with risk of cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"6","author":"Ley","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAHA"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2010.07.006","article-title":"Female reproductive system and bone","volume":"503","author":"Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2016.01.005","article-title":"Duration of ovarian hormone exposure and gynecological cancer risk in Korean women: the Korean Heart Study","volume":"41","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcac187","article-title":"Long-term health outcomes of early menarche in women: an umbrella review","volume":"115","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-19-3093","article-title":"Association of the age at menarche with site-specific cancer risks in pooled data from nine cohorts","volume":"81","author":"Fuhrman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4953","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-1789","article-title":"Early age at menarche associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality","volume":"94","author":"Lakshman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2018.6998","article-title":"Early menarche and risk of metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Womens Health"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40834-025-00346-7","article-title":"The association between age at menarche and infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"10","author":"Moosazadeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Contracept Reprod Med"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2024.01.025","article-title":"The effects of estrogen on the risk of developing dementia: a cohort study using the UK biobank data","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-023-03520-2","article-title":"Association between age at menarche and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-023-08173-9","article-title":"Associations between reproductive factors and the risk of adult-onset asthma: a prospective cohort study of European ancestry","volume":"38","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/endoabs.99.EP339","volume-title":"Endocrine Abstracts","author":"Soliman","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14051","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14051","article-title":"Age at menarche and endometrial cancer risk: a dose\u2013response meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"5","author":"Gong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwaf051","article-title":"Reassessing the association between age at menarche and cardiovascular disease: observational and Mendelian randomization analyses","volume":"32","author":"Tschiderer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100716","article-title":"Incorporating menstrual health into routine pediatric primary care","volume":"32","author":"Sommer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Am"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2018.07.012","article-title":"Menstrual history-taking at annual well visits for adolescent girls","volume":"31","author":"McShane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2025.103055","article-title":"Twenty years population-based trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Geneva, Switzerland","volume":"53","author":"Nehme","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B31","author":"Federal Statistics Office FSO","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1214\/19-STS728","article-title":"Outcome-wide longitudinal designs for causal inference: new template for empirical studies","volume":"35","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Statist. Sci"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20001130)19:22&lt;3127::aid-sim784&gt;3.0.co;2-m","article-title":"A simple method for converting an odds ratio to effect size for use in meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Chinn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Statist Med"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E-value","volume":"167","author":"VanderWeele","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00863","article-title":"Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs","volume":"4","author":"Lakens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919847202","article-title":"Evaluating effect size in psychological research: sense and nonsense","volume":"2","author":"Funder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20230155","article-title":"A century of change: unraveling the impact of socioeconomic\/historical milestones on age at menarche and other female reproductive factors in Japan","volume":"34","author":"Iwase","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22854","article-title":"What does the mean menarcheal age mean?\u2014an analysis of temporal pattern in variability in a historical Swiss population from the 19th and 20th centuries","volume":"28","author":"Lehmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2217\/17455057.5.2.175","article-title":"Early life circumstances and their impact on menarche and menopause","volume":"5","author":"Mishra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Womens Health"},{"key":"2026090716323109000_ckag118-B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2412854","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.12854","article-title":"Menarche and time to cycle regularity among individuals born between 1950 and 2005 in the US","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article-pdf\/36\/4\/ckag118\/68688632\/ckag118.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article-pdf\/36\/4\/ckag118\/68688632\/ckag118.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T20:32:37Z","timestamp":1788813157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/eurpub\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckag118\/8724004"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckag118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1101-1262","1464-360X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1101-1262","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-360X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"article-number":"ckag118"}}