{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T21:08:39Z","timestamp":1788815319280,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Joint Action Prevent Non-Communicable Diseases","award":["GA\u2014101128023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA\u2014101128023"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Union or European Health and Digital Executive Agency"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004037","name":"Juho Vainio Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202500076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202500076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Limited health literacy (HL) has been associated with many adverse health outcomes. Limited HL contributes to adverse outcomes; however, evidence on effective strategies to enhance it remains limited. In this study, we examined HL prevalence in the general Finnish and migrant origin populations and investigate which sociodemographic, health-related, and migration-related factors are associated with limited HL. Data were collected from 2022 to 2023 as part of the cross-sectional population surveys Terve Suomi and MoniSuomi. The analysis included individuals aged 20\u201374\u2009years (n\u2009=\u20099717), with HL assessed using the HLS19-Q12. Logistic regressions were used to investigate the association between population, sex, age, living alone, region of residence, education, economic activity, income difficulties, language skills, length of residence, and self-rated health (SRH) with limited HL. A prevalence of limited HL was observed in 15% (95% CI: 13.2\u201315.9) of the general population and 42% (95% CI: 40.1\u201343.4) of the migrant-origin population in Finland. Across both groups, limited HL was more likely among individuals with a migration background, unemployment or student status, income difficulties, living alone, lower educational attainment, and average or poor SRH. Among migrants, limited HL was additionally associated with less-than-excellent proficiency in Finnish or Swedish. Limited HL is much more prevalent among the migrant-origin population, highlighting substantial disparities linked to socioeconomic disadvantage, living circumstances, and language proficiency. Earlier efforts to promote HL following migration and greater language inclusion is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckag130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T11:21:59Z","timestamp":1783336919000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Factors associated with limited health literacy in a culturally diverse population in Finland: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Tyler C","family":"Prinkey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare and Social Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamari","family":"Lundqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Garc\u00eda Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare and Social Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannamaria","family":"Kuusio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare and Social Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Griebler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Competence Centre Health Promotion and Healthcare, Austrian National Public Health Institute , Vienna,","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4743-8259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefin M","family":"W\u00e5ngdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm University , Stockholm,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University , Uppsala,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4130-9202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leena","family":"Paakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 , Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Skogberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare and Social Welfare, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki,","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090716333253500_ckag130-B1","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026090716333253500_ckag130-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1179\/1753806815Z.000000000105","article-title":"The evolving concept of health literacy: new directions for health literacy studies","volume":"8","author":"Rudd","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Commun Healthc"},{"key":"2026090716333253500_ckag130-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-80","article-title":"Health literacy and public health: a systematic review and integration of definitions and models","volume":"12","author":"S\u00f8rensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public 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Report on the Methodology, Results, and Recommendations of the European Health Literacy Population Survey 2019-2021 (HLS19) of M-POHL","author":"The HLS19 Consortium of the WHO Action Network M-POHL","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026090716333253500_ckag130-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.01.001","article-title":"Health literacy: applying current concepts to improve health services and reduce health inequalities","volume":"132","author":"Batterham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"2026090716333253500_ckag130-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X16638330","article-title":"Self-management skills in chronic disease management: what role does health literacy have?","volume":"36","author":"Mackey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Decis 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