{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T02:02:54Z","timestamp":1789351374522,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s foundational health-professions law (1928) concentrates clinical authority in licensed physicians. A 2014 regulation moved traditional and complementary medicine (T&amp;CM) from prosecutable practice into lawful, certified-physician-only provision, centralizing supply. Demand\u2014reported by 14.7%\u201360.5% of patients nationally\u2014has outgrown this framework. Physicians hold exclusive T&amp;CM authority yet face structural disincentives to exercise it: the public performance-payment system values a 30-minute T&amp;CM session the same as a 2-minute prescription renewal. Unmet demand migrated to unlicensed providers. Interviews with 58 T&amp;CM service providers across T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s seven regions, completed just before these reforms, documented provider-reported harms in unlicensed provision, including scarring from improper cupping, reuse of unsterile instruments (including using a leech across multiple clients), and deaths caused by thermal sulphur gas, as well as a reactive, complaint-driven inspection system. In response, the Ministry issued three sequential regulations: licensed Health Professional Service Units (March 2025), licensed medicinal herbal teas restricted to pharmacies (2 July 2026), and licensed Wellness Centres encompassing T&amp;CM as explicitly non-curative services (4 July 2026). All share one logic: new licensed, traceable channels for contested activity rather than tightening enforcement or deregulating. Early signals include active licensing uptake among allied health professionals; the wellness framework is only weeks old; this article is an early policy analysis, not an impact evaluation. The case offers a transferable instrument for health systems facing tension between physician-centred scope-of-practice law and rising demand at the margins of clinical practice, while suggesting that legal permission without financing reform may leave the underlying supply gap intact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckag150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:49:49Z","timestamp":1785498589000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regulating practice at the margins: T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s sequential policy response to unlicensed traditional, complementary, and independent health service provision, 2025\u201326"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9439-8448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sedat","family":"Bostan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health Management, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3116-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmet Y","family":"Yesildag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health Management, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6935-9650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferit","family":"Sevim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Health Management, Karadeniz Technical University , Trabzon,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091321115311200_ckag150-B1","author":"Republic of T\u00fcrkiye","year":"1928"},{"key":"2026091321115311200_ckag150-B2","author":"Republic of T\u00fcrkiye Ministry of Health","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026091321115311200_ckag150-B3","first-page":"245","article-title":"Geleneksel ve tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 t\u0131p: T\u00fcrkiye ve se\u00e7ilen \u00fclkelerinin incelenmesi","volume":"22","author":"Bi\u00e7er","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hacettepe Sa\u011fl\u0131k \u0130daresi Derg"},{"key":"2026091321115311200_ckag150-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5336\/jtracom.2022-89225","article-title":"T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de geleneksel ve tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 t\u0131p uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k politikalar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve bu uygulamalar\u0131n etik boyutunun de\u011ferlendirilmesi: geleneksel derleme","volume":"5","author":"T\u00f6z\u00fcn","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Tradit Complem Med"},{"key":"2026091321115311200_ckag150-B5","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u00dclkemizde GETAT uygulamalar\u0131 ve anadolu t\u0131bb\u0131 dergisi\u2019nin ilk bir y\u0131l\u0131","author":"Kalayc\u0131","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anadolu T\u0131bb\u0131 Dergisi"},{"key":"2026091321115311200_ckag150-B6","first-page":"161","article-title":"Depresyon hastalar\u0131nda t\u0131p d\u0131\u015f\u0131 yard\u0131m arama davran\u0131\u015f\u0131","volume":"9","author":"\u00d6zkorumak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi"},{"key":"2026091321115311200_ckag150-B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eujim.2017.09.006","article-title":"Mapping traditional and complementary medicine in Turkey","volume":"15","author":"\u015eim\u015fek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Integr Med"},{"key":"2026091321115311200_ckag150-B8","volume-title":"WHO Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine 2019","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026091321115311200_ckag150-B9","volume-title":"WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014\u20132023","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"2026091321115311200_ckag150-B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e54978","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054978","article-title":"What is the role of informal healthcare providers in developing countries? 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