{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T14:49:02Z","timestamp":1764859742711,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/S00713X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/S00713X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellowship","award":["DHF160200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DHF160200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Post-copulatory sexual selection, comprised of sperm competition and cryptic female choice, is a powerful evolutionary force that can drive the rapid diversification of reproductive traits across taxa. In birds, the female reproductive tract provides the arena for post-copulatory sexual selection, yet we lack a comprehensive understanding of the female specific processes that shape the evolution of sexually selected traits. Here, we use a comparative approach to explore the relationships between female reproductive tract morphology, sperm competition intensity, and sperm traits across Galliformes. Accounting for phylogenetic and allometric relationships, we find that species with relatively larger testes for their body size\u2014a proxy for intense sperm competition\u2014have relatively longer vaginas, suggesting that important co-evolutionary dynamics exist between male and female reproductive physiology. Surprisingly, we find no link between sperm length and sperm storage tubule morphology, challenging existing predictions. Our findings suggest that the vagina has a significant but currently overlooked influence on post-copulatory processes and emphasizes the need to better integrate female morphology into models of sexual selection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/evlett\/qraf035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T11:27:58Z","timestamp":1757935678000},"page":"686-695","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Relative testis size is associated with vagina length but not sperm storage traits in Galliformes"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1085-0266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Assersohn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, S10 2TN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Hemmings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield , Sheffield, S10 2TN ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2025120407015387600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001851","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001851","article-title":"Genital evolution: Why are females still understudied?","volume":"12","author":"Ah-King","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120407015387600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9570788","article-title":"Sperm transport in the fowl","volume":"8","author":"Allen","year":"1957","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Agricultural Research"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2006.00173.x","article-title":"Mammalian sperm and oviducts are sexually selected: Evidence for coevolution","volume":"270","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"6873","key":"2025120407015387600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/415787a","article-title":"Antagonistic coevolution between the sexes in a group of insects","volume":"415","author":"Arnqvist","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assersohn K., Hemmings N. (2025). Data and code for: Relative testis size is associated with vagina length but not sperm storage traits in galliformes. 10.5061\/dryad.z08kprrrf \u00a0[Data set].","DOI":"10.1093\/evlett\/qraf035"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025120407015387600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202274","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.202274","article-title":"Physiological factors influencing female fertility in birds","volume":"8","author":"Assersohn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Royal Society Open Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120407015387600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11585","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.11585","article-title":"The surprising complexity and diversity of sperm storage structures across Galliformes","volume":"14","author":"Assersohn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120407015387600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3663","article-title":"Role of the oviduct in maintaining sustained fertility in hens","volume":"89","author":"Bakst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120407015387600_bib9","first-page":"117","article-title":"Oviducal sperm selection, transport, and storage in poultry","volume":"5","author":"Bakst","year":"1994","journal-title":"Poultry Science Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120407015387600_bib10","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Defining and demonstrating postcopulatory female choice - Again","volume":"54","author":"Birkhead","year":"2000","journal-title":"Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120407015387600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2007.02.004","article-title":"Reproductive isolation in birds: Postcopulatory prezygotic barriers","volume":"22","author":"Birkhead","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120407015387600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8312.1992.tb00649.x","article-title":"Numbers and size of sperm storage tubules and the duration of sperm storage in birds: A comparative study","volume":"45","author":"Birkhead","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120407015387600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg774","article-title":"Postcopulatory sexual selection","volume":"3","author":"Birkhead","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Genetics"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025120407015387600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.04.035","article-title":"Genital evolution: Cock-a-doodle-don't","volume":"23","author":"Brennan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025120407015387600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a017749","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017749","article-title":"Mechanisms and evidence of genital coevolution: The roles of natural selection, mate choice, and sexual conflict","volume":"7","author":"Brennan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology"},{"issue":"1686","key":"2025120407015387600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.2139","article-title":"Explosive eversion and functional morphology of the duck penis supports sexual conflict in waterfowl genitalia","volume":"277","author":"Brennan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120407015387600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e418","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000418","article-title":"Coevolution of male and female genital morphology in waterfowl","volume":"2","author":"Brennan","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120407015387600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod43.2.271","article-title":"Quantification of spermatozoa in the sperm-storage tubules of turkey hens and the relation to sperm numbers in the perivitelline layer of eggs","volume":"43","author":"Brillard","year":"1990","journal-title":"Biology of Reproduction"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120407015387600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.2307\/1369366","article-title":"Patterns of sperm storage in relation to sperm competition in passerine birds","volume":"95","author":"Briskie","year":"1993","journal-title":"The Condor"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120407015387600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0600213","article-title":"Sperm populations in the female genital tract of the rabbit","volume":"60","author":"Cohen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Reproduction (Cambridge, England)"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2021.101043","article-title":"The ultrastructure of sperm and female sperm storage organs in the water strider Gerris lacustris L. (Heteroptera) and a possible example of genital coevolution","volume":"61","author":"Dallai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthropod Structure & Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120407015387600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2008.00651.x","article-title":"Mechanism of prolonged sperm storage and sperm survivability in hen oviduct: A review","volume":"60","author":"Das","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Reproductive Immunology"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691207209","volume-title":"Female control: Sexual selection by cryptic female choice","author":"Eberhard","year":"1996"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120407015387600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2017.02.010","article-title":"Postmating female control: 20 years of cryptic female choice","volume":"32","author":"Firman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120407015387600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1210809","article-title":"Evidence for the innervation of sperm storage tubules in the oviduct of the turkey (Meleagris gallopavo)","volume":"121","author":"Freedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reproduction (Cambridge, England)"},{"issue":"1774","key":"2025120407015387600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20132694","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2013.2694","article-title":"Sexual conflict over mating in red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) as indicated by experimental manipulation of genitalia","volume":"281","author":"Friesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1333","key":"2025120407015387600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1993.0039","article-title":"Coevolution between male ejaculates and female reproductive biology in eutherian mammals","volume":"252","author":"Gomendio","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120407015387600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icac020","article-title":"Divergent genital morphologies and female\u2013male covariation in watersnakes","volume":"62","author":"Greenwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integrative And Comparative Biology"},{"journal-title":"Treeplyr: \u2018dplyr\u2019 Functionality for Matched Tree and Data Objects (Version 0.1.11) [Computer Software]","year":"2023","author":"Harmon","key":"2025120407015387600_bib29"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120407015387600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1080\/03078698.1994.9674078","article-title":"Some comments on the repeatability of measurements","volume":"15","author":"Harper","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ringing & Migration"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120407015387600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.1997.0546","article-title":"Complex female reproductive tract morphology: Its possible use in postcopulatory female choice","volume":"190","author":"Hellriegel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"issue":"1860","key":"2025120407015387600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20171032","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.1032","article-title":"Differential sperm storage by female zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata","volume":"284","author":"Hemmings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025120407015387600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.12.022","article-title":"Timing associated with oviductal sperm storage and release after artificial insemination in domestic hens","volume":"83","author":"Hemmings","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2025120407015387600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.04.062","article-title":"Developmental basis of phallus reduction during bird evolution","volume":"23","author":"Herrera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.32.387","article-title":"Localization of spermatozoa and leukocytes in vagina and utero vaginal junction after copulation in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)","volume":"32","author":"Higaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Japanese Poultry Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120407015387600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syu005","article-title":"A linear-time algorithm for Gaussian and non-Gaussian trait evolution models","volume":"63","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2025120407015387600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.12.020","article-title":"Expression of lipases and lipid receptors in sperm storage tubules and possible role of fatty acids in sperm survival in the hen oviduct","volume":"85","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2025120407015387600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2007.01302.x","article-title":"The evolution of sperm morphometry in pheasants","volume":"20","author":"Immler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2025120407015387600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-0237","article-title":"Progesterone is a sperm-releasing factor from the sperm-storage tubules in birds","volume":"152","author":"Ito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120407015387600_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S004393391700085X","article-title":"Molecular and biochemical events in sperm storage tubules of oviduct in birds","volume":"74","author":"Khillare","year":"2018","journal-title":"World's Poultry Science Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120407015387600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19278","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55822-3","article-title":"Sperm quality and quantity evolve through different selective processes in the Phasianidae","volume":"9","author":"Liao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1659","key":"2025120407015387600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1645","article-title":"Sperm morphology and sperm velocity in passerine birds","volume":"276","author":"L\u00fcpold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120407015387600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2008.00571.x","article-title":"Sperm competition selects beyond relative testes size in birds","volume":"63","author":"L\u00fcpold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17643","article-title":"Lactic acid is a sperm motility inactivation factor in the sperm storage tubules","volume":"5","author":"Matsuzaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025120407015387600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2019.10.038","article-title":"Sperm gatekeeping: 3D imaging reveals a constricted entrance to zebra finch sperm storage tubules","volume":"117","author":"Mendonca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biophysical Journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120407015387600_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2010.00141.x","article-title":"Repeatability for Gaussian and non-Gaussian data: A practical guide for biologists","volume":"85","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biological Reviews"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0110033","article-title":"Distribution of spermatozoa in the oviduct and fertility in domestic birds III. Intra-uterine insemination of semen from low-fecundity cocks","volume":"11","author":"Ogasawara","year":"1966","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"journal-title":"Caper: Comparative Analyses of Phylogenetics and Evolution in R (Version 1.0.3) [Computer Software]","year":"2023","author":"Orme","key":"2025120407015387600_bib48"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120407015387600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.03.006","article-title":"Sperm storage: Distinguishing selective processes and evaluating criteria","volume":"30","author":"Orr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"issue":"4","key":"2025120407015387600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1970.tb01176.x","article-title":"Sperm competition and its evolutionary consequences in the insects","volume":"45","author":"Parker","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biological Reviews"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu181","article-title":"geiger v2.0: An expanded suite of methods for fitting macroevolutionary models to phylogenetic trees","volume":"30","author":"Pennell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-372568-4.00003-3","volume-title":"Sperm biology: An evolutionary perspective","author":"Pitnick","year":"2009"},{"issue":"6788","key":"2025120407015387600_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/35015558","article-title":"Female feral fowl eject sperm of subdominant males","volume":"405","author":"Pizzari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. (Version 4.3.2) [Computer Software]","year":"2023","author":"R Core Team","key":"2025120407015387600_bib66_247_235325"},{"issue":"2","key":"2025120407015387600_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0635","article-title":"Sperm competition and sperm length influence the rate of mammalian spermatogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Ramm","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16505","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16505","article-title":"phytools 2.0: An updated R ecosystem for phylogenetic comparative methods (and other things)","volume":"12","author":"Revell","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"26","key":"2025120407015387600_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10921","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701170104","article-title":"Coevolution between harmful male genitalia and female resistance in seed beetles","volume":"104","author":"R\u00f6nn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-3975-1","volume-title":"Avian reproduction: From behaviour to molecules","author":"Sasanami","year":"2017"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7700","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07700","article-title":"A unique mechanism of successful fertilization in a domestic bird","volume":"5","author":"Sasanami","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120407015387600_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(92)90124-A","article-title":"Evidence for a species-specific barrier to sperm transport within the vagina of the chicken hen","volume":"38","author":"Steele","year":"1992","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2025120407015387600_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(96)00268-3","article-title":"Demonstration that the removal of sialic acid from the surface of chicken spermatozoa impedes their transvaginal migration","volume":"46","author":"Steele","year":"1996","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"2025120407015387600_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2015.06.005","article-title":"A molecular genetic time scale demonstrates Cretaceous origins and multiple diversification rate shifts within the order Galliformes (Aves)","volume":"92","author":"Stein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution"},{"issue":"11","key":"2025120407015387600_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12797","article-title":"rptR: repeatability estimation and variance decomposition by generalized linear mixed-effects models","volume":"8","author":"Stoffel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120407015387600_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-015-2244-2","article-title":"Mammalian sperm interactions with the female reproductive tract","volume":"363","author":"Suarez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell and Tissue Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2025120407015387600_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/jeb.14126","article-title":"Sexual selection drives the coevolution of male and female reproductive traits in Peromyscus mice","volume":"36","author":"Weber","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2025120407015387600_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1080\/00071669708418041","article-title":"Localisation of MHC class II, lymphocytes and immunoglobulins in the oviduct of laying and moulting hens","volume":"38","author":"Yoshimura","year":"1997","journal-title":"British Poultry Science"}],"container-title":["Evolution Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/evlett\/article-pdf\/9\/6\/686\/64477565\/qraf035.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/evlett\/article-pdf\/9\/6\/686\/64477565\/qraf035.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T12:02:00Z","timestamp":1764849720000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/evlett\/article\/9\/6\/686\/8271462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/evlett\/qraf035","relation":{},"ISSN":["2056-3744"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2056-3744"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]}}}