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Yet, thermal variation typically occurs in the presence of additional selection pressures which may interact to constrain adaptation to temperature. We propagated competing lytic viral parasites (bacteriophages, thermal specialist \u03c614\u20131 and thermal generalist \u03c6LUZ19) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa under fluctuating temperatures (37\u00b0C\u201342\u00b0C) in monoculture and in co-culture. Without competition, fluctuating temperatures resulted in intermediate thermal phenotypes in the phage \u03c614\u20131 and, in both phages, resulted in more variable evolutionary outcomes compared to static conditions. Selection from both fluctuating temperatures and competition accelerated thermal adaptation in the phage \u03c614\u20131. However, co-selection led to restricted thermal adaptation, lower genetic distance from ancestor, and fewer putative adaptive mutations in the phage \u03c6LUZ19. Our study highlights the potential for variable adaptive capacity in interacting communities amidst global climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/evlett\/qrag016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T11:56:58Z","timestamp":1775649418000},"page":"371-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Competition constrains parasite adaptation to thermal heterogeneity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4748-6792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"TE Greenrod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford Department of Biology, , Oxford ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6667-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Cazares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford Department of Biology, , Oxford 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