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Mice and rats in the subfamily Murinae are a rapid radiation exhibiting incredible diversity in sperm morphology and production. We combined phenotypic and genomic data to perform phylogenetic comparisons of male reproductive traits and genes across 78 murine species. We identified several shifts towards smaller relative testes mass (RTM), presumably reflecting reduced sperm competition. Several sperm traits were associated with RTM, suggesting that mating system evolution selects for convergent suites of traits related to sperm competitive ability. We predicted that sperm competition would also drive more rapid molecular divergence in species with large testes. Contrary to this, we found that many spermatogenesis genes evolved more rapidly in species with smaller RTM due to relaxed purifying selection. While some reproductive genes evolved rapidly under recurrent positive selection, relaxed selection played a greater role in underlying rapid evolution in small testes species. Our work demonstrates that postcopulatory sexual selection can impose strong purifying selection shaping the evolution of male reproduction and that broad patterns of molecular evolution may help identify genes that contribute to male fertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpae146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T23:22:28Z","timestamp":1728516148000},"page":"11-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Sperm competition intensity shapes divergence in both sperm morphology and reproductive genes across murine rodents"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2710-2491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily E K","family":"Kopania","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, UT ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7621-2980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregg W C","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, MT ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Informatics Group, Harvard University , Cambridge, MA ,","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6381-6339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl R","family":"Hutter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA 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,","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Acton, ACT ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anang S","family":"Achmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology , Cibinong ,","place":["Indonesia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1739-6593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William G","family":"Breed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0006-8374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan L","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human 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