{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T17:57:25Z","timestamp":1767117445643,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010336","name":"Hellman Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The prevalence and strength of antibiotic resistance has led to an ongoing battle between the development of new treatments and the evolution of resistance. Combining multiple drugs simultaneously is a potential solution for combating antibiotic resistance. However, this approach introduces new factors that must be considered, including the influence of drug interactions on the rate of resistance evolution. When antibiotics are used in combination, their effects can be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic. In this study, we investigated the effect of higher-order interactions involving 3 drugs on resistance evolution in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Previous studies have shown that synergistic interactions can increase the adaptation rate. However, the effects of higher-order interactions on rates of adaptation are unclear. We investigated the adaptation of Staphylococcus epidermidis to single-, 2-, and 3-drug environments to assess how interactions within drug combinations influence the rate of adaptation. We analyzed both the overall interaction and emergent interaction, the latter being a unique interaction that occurs in 3-drug combinations due to the presence of all three drugs, rather than simply strong pairwise interactions. Our results show that neither the overall interactions nor the emergent interactions affect adaptation rates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpaf023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,5]],"date-time":"2025-02-05T04:20:40Z","timestamp":1738729240000},"page":"875-882","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interactions within higher-order antibiotic combinations do not influence the rate of adaptation in bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8796-0001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalie Ann","family":"Lozano-Huntelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emoni","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 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