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The evolution of the mammalian middle ear from the jaw hinge of non-mammalian synapsids offers a deep-time perspective on sensory evolution but is limited by a poor understanding of early synapsid hearing. This work tests the hypothesis that the size of the reflected lamina of the angular bone in non-mammalian synapsids followed a strict, negative allometric trend that may be expected for a sound receiver. Allometry is first investigated in the pterygoid bone of chameleons, which was co-opted for hearing in some species and represents a possible analog for the synapsid reflected lamina. Results indicate that chameleons with a pterygoid ear exhibit a similar allometric slope, while species without a pterygoid ear have variable slopes, suggesting an optimum allometric pattern in sound receivers. In the reflected lamina, we find reduced variation around the allometric trend in therocephalians and non-bidentalian anomodonts, and evolutionary modeling suggests constraint in these groups. These results are consistent with a mandibular middle ear in non-mammalian synapsids, adding valuable new insights to the hypothesis that selective pressures for hearing ability were present long before the evolution of the mammalian middle ear.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpaf041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T07:44:57Z","timestamp":1740383097000},"page":"905-921","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Allometry of sound reception structures and evidence for a mandibular middle ear in non-mammalian synapsids"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Savannah L","family":"Olroyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Utah Valley University , Orem, UT ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7360-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f8rn 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