{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:19:56Z","timestamp":1787008796102,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pincer-like appendages are multifunctional structures that have evolved repeatedly within Arthropoda. In scorpions, they appear in the form of pedipalp chelae, providing an excellent example of form\u2013function integration in evolutionary biology. Performance traits such as pinch force, closing speed, and mechanical resistance can be reliably predicted from chela morphology and directly influence fitness through a wide range of interactions. Despite this, the evolutionary trajectories underlying the morphological diversity of the scorpion chelae remain poorly understood. Phylogenetic comparative analyses were conducted on chela measurements from 547 species (ca. 19% of all known scorpion species) to examine evolutionary allometry and to test whether chela length, width, and height were characterized by similar evolutionary rates and stabilizing regimes. Positive allometry was detected across all dimensions, with height scaling most steeply with body size. Ornstein\u2013Uhlenbeck models revealed distinct evolutionary dynamics: chela length exhibited the highest instantaneous evolutionary rate while simultaneously experiencing the strongest stabilizing selection, whereas height and width displayed comparable long-term variance despite differing rates, consistent with coordinated functional constraints on robustness. These findings demonstrate that high rates of phenotypic evolution do not necessarily imply weak selection but rather indicate the magnitude of stochastic forces that selection must counteract to maintain functional integrity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpag097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T11:43:50Z","timestamp":1779450230000},"page":"1766-1776","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomechanical trade-offs and the evolutionary dynamics of weapon morphology: phylogenetic comparative evidence from scorpion pincers"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9639-9009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00eanio \u00cdtalo Ara\u00fajo","family":"Foerster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Uppsala ,","place":["Sweden"]},{"name":"Department of Zoology, University of Tartu , Tartu ,","place":["Estonia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026081706063976400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blad069","article-title":"Predicting insect body masses based on linear measurements: A phylogenetic case study on geometrid moths","volume":"141","author":"Ara\u00fajo\u00a0Foerster","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2017.06.011","article-title":"Using the Ornstein\u2013Uhlenbeck process to model the evolution of interacting populations","volume":"429","author":"Bartoszek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Theoretical Biology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081706063976400_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0812009106","article-title":"Optimization of gene expression by natural selection","volume":"106","author":"Bedford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081706063976400_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0981(97)00122-6","article-title":"Claw morphology, prey size selection and foraging efficiency in generalist and specialist shell-breaking crabs","volume":"220","author":"Behrens\u00a0Yamada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081706063976400_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12409","DOI":"10.1111\/ivb.12409","article-title":"Size, but not sex, predicts pinch force and exoskeleton mechanical properties in crayfish of the genus Faxonius","volume":"142","author":"Benson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Invertebrate Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081706063976400_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00435-011-0118-z","article-title":"Pincer-like claws in centipedes (Chilopoda): Multiple evolutionary origin of similar form and serial pattern","volume":"130","author":"Bonato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zoomorphology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081706063976400_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2007.00081.x","article-title":"Sexual selection and allometry: A critical reappraisal of the evidence and Ideas","volume":"61","author":"Bonduriansky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081706063976400_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22658","article-title":"The role of cross-sectional geometry, curvature, and limb posture in maintaining equal safety factors: A computed tomography study","volume":"296","author":"Brassey","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Anatomical Record"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081706063976400_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v100.i05","article-title":"Bayesian item response modeling in R with brms and Stan","volume":"100","author":"B\u00fcrkner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081706063976400_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1086\/426002","article-title":"Phylogenetic comparative analysis: A modeling approach for adaptive evolution","volume":"164","author":"Butler","year":"2004","journal-title":"The American Naturalist"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081706063976400_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-007-0226-8","article-title":"Pinching forces in crayfish and fiddler crabs, and comparisons with the closing forces of other animals","volume":"178","author":"Claussen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Physiology B"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081706063976400_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-022-01968-0","article-title":"Reevaluating scorpion ecomorphs using a na\u00efve approach","volume":"22","author":"Coelho","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081706063976400_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syac036","article-title":"Bayesian analyses of comparative data with the Ornstein\u2013Uhlenbeck model: Potential pitfalls","volume":"71","author":"Cornuault","year":"2022","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081706063976400_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12459","article-title":"Changes in shape and cross-sectional geometry in the tibia of mice selectively bred for increases in relative bone length","volume":"228","author":"Cosman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081706063976400_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12018","article-title":"The design of a beautiful weapon: Compensation for opposing sexual selection on a trait with two functions","volume":"67","author":"Dennenmoser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18557","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18557","article-title":"A review of fossil scorpion higher systematics","volume":"12","author":"Dunlop","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081706063976400_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2009.10.004","article-title":"Prey-induced changes to a predator\u2019s behaviour and morphology: Implications for shell\u2013claw covariance in the northwest Atlantic","volume":"382","author":"Edgell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081706063976400_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asd.2012.02.004","article-title":"Novel discovery of lamellar papillae on the grooming organ in Synsphyronus (Garypidae: Pseudoscorpiones)","volume":"41","author":"Engel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthropod Structure & Development"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18621","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.18621","article-title":"Body size prediction in scorpions: A phylogenetic comparative examination of linear measurements of individual body parts","volume":"13","author":"Foerster","year":"2025","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081706063976400_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zootaxa.4657.1.1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4657.1.1","article-title":"Conspectus Genericus Scorpionorum 1758\u20131985 (Arachnida: Scorpiones) updated through 2018","volume":"4657","author":"Francke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib21","volume-title":"bayesplot: Plotting for Bayesian models","author":"Gabry","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081706063976400_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/bly164","article-title":"Physiological compartmentalization as a possible cause of phylogenetic signal loss: An example involving melanin-based pigmentation","volume":"125","author":"Galv\u00e1n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43550-2_7","article-title":"Uncertainties due to within-species variation in comparative studies: Measurement Errors and statistical weights","volume-title":"Modern phylogenetic comparative methods and their application in evolutionary biology: Concepts and practice","author":"Garamszegi","year":"2014"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0037","article-title":"Pinching or stinging? Comparing prey capture among scorpions with contrasting morphologies","volume":"28","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2018.08.019","article-title":"Evidence of body size and shape stasis driven by selection in Patagonian lizards of the Phymaturus patagonicus clade (Squamata: Liolaemini)","volume":"129","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez\u00a0Mar\u00edn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081706063976400_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2435.12294","article-title":"Costly sexual dimorphism in Cyclommatus metallifer stag beetles","volume":"29","author":"Goyens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Functional Ecology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081706063976400_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syad012","article-title":"A cautionary note on \u201cA Cautionary Note on the Use of Ornstein Uhlenbeck Models in Macroevolutionary Studies\u201d","volume":"72","author":"Grabowski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081706063976400_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1997.tb01457.x","article-title":"Stabilizing selection and the comparative analysis of adaptation","volume":"51","author":"Hansen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081706063976400_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1086\/498193","article-title":"Ontogenetic Scaling of bite force in lizards and turtles","volume":"79","author":"Herrel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiological and Biochemical Zoology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081706063976400_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12285","article-title":"Intrinsic inference difficulties for trait evolution with Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models","volume":"5","author":"Ho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081706063976400_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12969","article-title":"Ecology shapes the evolutionary trade-off between predator avoidance and defence in coral reef butterflyfishes","volume":"21","author":"Hodge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081706063976400_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syw021","article-title":"RevBayes: Bayesian phylogenetic inference using graphical models and an interactive model-specification language","volume":"65","author":"H\u00f6hna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081706063976400_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00359-021-01469-3","article-title":"Effects on running speed of changes in sexual size dimorphism at maturity on in the cursorial huntsman spider, Delena cancerides (Sparassidae)","volume":"207","author":"Hurst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Comparative Physiology A"},{"issue":"23","key":"2026081706063976400_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8733","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602994103","article-title":"The allometry of ornaments and weapons","volume":"103","author":"Kodric-Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081706063976400_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2010.01150.x","article-title":"Factors determining the direction of ecological specialization in snail-feeding carabid beetles: Factors determining ecological specialization","volume":"65","author":"Konuma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"issue":"27","key":"2026081706063976400_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2306741120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2306741120","article-title":"Mutation pressure, drift, and the pace of molecular coevolution","volume":"120","author":"Lynch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"6143","key":"2026081706063976400_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232392","article-title":"Exceptional convergence on the macroevolutionary landscape in island lizard radiations","volume":"341","author":"Mahler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"40","key":"2026081706063976400_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01541","article-title":"bayestestR: Describing effects and their uncertainty, existence and significance within the Bayesian framework","volume":"4","author":"Makowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Open Source Software"},{"issue":"12","key":"2026081706063976400_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.13865","article-title":"Altitude and life-history shape the evolution of Heliconius wings","volume":"73","author":"Montejo-Kovacevich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-43550-2_15","article-title":"Modelling stabilizing selection: The attraction of Ornstein\u2013Uhlenbeck models","volume-title":"Modern phylogenetic comparative methods and their application in evolutionary biology","author":"O\u2019Meara","year":"2014"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081706063976400_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e82467","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082467","article-title":"Exaggerated trait allometry, compensation and trade-offs in the New Zealand giraffe weevil (Lasiorhynchus barbicornis)","volume":"8","author":"Painting","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty633","article-title":"ape 5.0: An environment for modern phylogenetics and evolutionary analyses in R","volume":"35","author":"Paradis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2026081706063976400_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-011-0799-7","article-title":"Loss of legs: Is it or not a handicap for an orb-weaving spider?","volume":"98","author":"Pasquet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Die Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penone C., Davidson A. D., Shoemaker K. T., Di\u00a0Marco M., Rondinini C., Brooks T. M., Young B. E., Graham C. H., Costa G. C. (2014). Imputation of missing data in life-history trait datasets: Which approach performs the best? \u00a0Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 5(9), 961\u2013970. 10.1111\/2041-210X.12232","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12232"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plummer M., Best N., Cowles K., Vines K., Sarkar D., Bates D., Almond R., Magnusson A. (1999). coda: Output Analysis and diagnostics for MCMC (pp. 0.19\u201304.1.) . 10.32614\/CRAN.package.coda","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.coda"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib46","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081706063976400_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011623","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1011623","article-title":"Archaic introgression and the distribution of shared variation under stabilizing selection","volume":"21","author":"Ragsdale","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Genetics"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib48","volume-title":"The scorpion files. Species list","author":"Rein","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16505","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.16505","article-title":"phytools 2.0: An updated R ecosystem for phylogenetic comparative methods (and other things)","volume":"12","author":"Revell","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026081706063976400_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/jcbiol\/ruz005","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in performance and muscle allocation in the western painted crayfish Faxonius palmeri longimanus (Faxon, 1898) (Decapoda: Astacidea: Cambaridae)","volume":"39","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Crustacean Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026081706063976400_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0314320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314320","article-title":"Yeti claws: Cheliped sexual dimorphism and symmetry in deep-sea yeti crabs (Kiwaidae)","volume":"20","author":"Roterman","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2025.123283","article-title":"Social vocalizations show stronger phylogenetic conservatism than echolocation calls in closely related pipistrelle bats","volume":"227","author":"Russo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081706063976400_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70055","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.70055","article-title":"Functional divergence of scorpion pedipalps: Musculoskeletal specialization toward opposing performance optima","volume":"286","author":"Simone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Morphology"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20210002","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0002","article-title":"Armed stem to stinger: A review of the ecological roles of scorpion weapons","volume-title":"Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases","author":"Simone","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081706063976400_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/biolinnean\/blx139","article-title":"Fast and fine versus strong and stout: A trade-off between chela closing force and speed across nine scorpion species","volume":"123","author":"Simone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib56","first-page":"587","article-title":"Field and laboratory methods","volume-title":"The biology of scorpions","author":"Sissom","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081706063976400_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr597","article-title":"MissForest\u2014non-parametric missing value imputation for mixed-type data","volume":"28","author":"Stekhoven","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081706063976400_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12797","article-title":"rptR: Repeatability estimation and variance decomposition by generalized linear mixed-effects models","volume":"8","author":"Stoffel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/azo.70007","article-title":"Crushing and cutting: Shape variation and morphological integration between the claws of two swimming crab species (Brachyura: Portunidae)","author":"Tadiotto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Zoologica, 1-10"},{"issue":"368","key":"2026081706063976400_bib60","first-page":"1","article-title":"Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kova\u0159\u00edk et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions","volume":"2023","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Euscorpius"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026081706063976400_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2009.06.022","article-title":"The geography of crushing: Variation in claw performance of the invasive crab Carcinus maenas","volume":"377","author":"Taylor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081706063976400_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bio059874","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.059874","article-title":"The influence of claw morphology on gripping efficiency","volume":"12","author":"Turnbull","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biology Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026081706063976400_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2009.00628.x","article-title":"Comparison of chela size and pincer force in scorpions; getting a first grip","volume":"280","author":"van\u00a0der\u00a0Meijden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Zoology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2026081706063976400_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01485.x","article-title":"Packing a pinch: Functional implications of chela shapes in scorpions using finite element analysis","volume":"220","author":"van\u00a0der\u00a0Meijden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"issue":"11","key":"2026081706063976400_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078955","article-title":"Choose your weapon: Defensive behavior is associated with morphology and performance in scorpions","volume":"8","author":"van\u00a0der\u00a0Meijden","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5487","key":"2026081706063976400_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5487.2114","article-title":"How snapping shrimp snap: Through cavitating bubbles","volume":"289","author":"Versluis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026081706063976400_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.457.6821","article-title":"Relative growth and morphological sexual maturity size of the freshwater crab Trichodactylus borellianus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Trichodactylidae) in the Middle Paran\u00e1 River","volume-title":"ZooKeys","author":"Williner","year":"2014"},{"issue":"6","key":"2026081706063976400_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syac023","article-title":"Stabilized morphological evolution of spiders despite mosaic changes in foraging ecology","volume":"71","author":"Wolff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"}],"container-title":["Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/evolut\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/evolut\/qpag097\/68373910\/qpag097.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/evolut\/article-pdf\/80\/8\/1766\/68373910\/qpag097.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/evolut\/article-pdf\/80\/8\/1766\/68373910\/qpag097.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:06:53Z","timestamp":1786961213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/evolut\/article\/80\/8\/1766\/8691440"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Diogo","family":"Provete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Morlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/evolut\/qpag097","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-3820","1558-5646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-3820","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-5646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]}}}