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We examined mandible and leg shape in nearly 100 Amazonian termite species using geometric morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods. This approach allowed us to assess how feeding ecology and centroid size of body parts contribute to shape variation while accounting for shared evolutionary history across species. We show that mandible shape varies with feeding ecology along a wood-to-soil (humification) gradient, with wood-feeding species exhibiting shorter, more robust mandibles and soil-feeding species showing more elongated forms with a prominent apical tooth. In contrast, leg shape is best explained by leg centroid size and shows limited differentiation across feeding groups. Evolutionary model comparisons indicate that mandible shape is consistent with models suggesting multiple evolutionary optima associated with feeding habit, whereas leg shape is better described by a single optimum. Together, our results indicate that mandible and leg morphology vary along complementary axes: mandibles reflect dietary variation, while legs predominantly scale with size. This illustrates how different processes govern morphological variation in a diverse tropical termite radiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpag106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:44:22Z","timestamp":1780487062000},"page":"1806-1819","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Feeding ecology and allometry underlie distinct axes of mandible and leg evolution in tropical termites"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4991-3786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe O","family":"Cerezer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University , Prague ,","place":["Czech Republic"]},{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences , Prague ,","place":["Czech Republic"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato Almeida","family":"de\u00a0Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz\u00f4nia - INPA , Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Biodiversidade - COBIO, Manaus, AM ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Wellington","family":"de\u00a0Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amaz\u00f4nia - INPA , Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Biodiversidade - COBIO, Manaus, AM ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian de Sales","family":"Dambros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Ecologia e Evolu\u00e7\u00e3o , Santa Maria, RS ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081706070985100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7429.2008.00479.x","article-title":"Termite (Insecta: Isoptera) species composition in a primary rain forest and agroforests in central amazonia","volume":"41","author":"Ackerman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"2026081706070985100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syx055","article-title":"Multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods: Evaluations, comparisons, and recommendations","volume":"67","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"key":"2026081706070985100_bib3","article-title":"Geomorph: Software for geometric morphometric analyses","author":"Adams","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026081706070985100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12035","article-title":"geomorph: An r package for the collection and analysis of geometric morphometric shape data","volume":"4","author":"Adams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026081706070985100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-0717(01)00192-4","article-title":"Lignin characteristics and density fractions of termite nests in an Amazonian rain forest\u2014indicators of termite feeding guilds?","volume":"34","author":"Amelung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry"},{"key":"2026081706070985100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13723","article-title":"geomorph v4.0 and gmShiny: Enhanced analytics and a new graphical interface for a comprehensive morphometric experience","volume":"12","author":"Baken","year":"2021","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026081706070985100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22792-y","article-title":"Size, microhabitat, and loss of larval feeding drive cranial diversification in frogs","volume":"12","author":"Bardua","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026081706070985100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1991.0075","article-title":"Evolution of insect morphology in relation to plants","volume":"333","author":"Bernays","year":"1997","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 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