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Using Natural History collections, we study the genetic basis and evolution of white\/brown winter coat color variation in the long-tailed weasel (Neogale frenata), a crucial phenological adaptation for camouflage in habitats with seasonal snow. We produced whole-genome sequencing data for museum specimens, along two winter color morph transition areas in North America, at the West and East coasts. Genome-wide association scans identified a single genomic region linked to color variation polymorphism with approximately 300 kb and 200 kb in the West and East regions, respectively, which included the pigmentation gene MC1R. We identified three MC1R alleles, two of which with deletions of nine or eight amino acids, alternatively associated with the winter brown morphs in the West and East, respectively. These deletions affect the second transmembrane domain, and in one case also the first extracellular loop, which in silico analyses predicted to impact the protein\u2019s function. Our findings show alternative intraspecific evolutionary solutions for environmental adaptation in long-tailed weasels, building on the evidence that major genes of the melanin production pathway are hotspots for recurrent and independent evolution of winter camouflage adaptation. This adaptive variation may be crucial to anchor adaptive responses facing future environmental change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpag110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:43:36Z","timestamp":1782215016000},"page":"1917-1927","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Museum genomics links\n                    <i>MC1R<\/i>\n                    alleles to adaptive winter coat color polymorphism in the long-tailed weasel"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto , Vair\u00e3o ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o , Vair\u00e3o 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CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o , Vair\u00e3o ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela Maki","family":"Alvarenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Universidade do Porto , Vair\u00e3o ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vair\u00e3o , Vair\u00e3o ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto , Porto ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L Scott","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana , Missoula ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Office of Research and Creative Scholarship, University of Montana , Missoula 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