{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:10:08Z","timestamp":1788779408130,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellowship","award":["DH160098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DH160098"]}]},{"name":"Royal Society Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellowship","award":["PLP-2024-384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PLP-2024-384"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005156","name":"Alexander von Humboldt Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005156","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020056","name":"iDiv","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG\u2013FZT 118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG\u2013FZT 118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202548816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202548816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOBJD287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOBJD287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We investigate patterns of phylogenetic selectivity of extinction in early aquatic vertebrates from the Silurian to the Carboniferous, an interval punctuated by one of the \u201cBig Five\u201d mass extinctions and marked by many critical anatomical (e.g., jaws, limbs) and ecological (e.g., macrophagy, terrestrialization) vertebrate evolutionary innovations. Using a new &amp;gt;1,300 taxon, formally inferred supertree, we show that phylogenetic extinction clustering in early vertebrates varied through time and between major ecomorphological divisions of the tree. At the end of the Silurian and into the Early Devonian, jawless fishes became marginalized components of vertebrate faunas and showed more strongly clustered extinction than jawed fishes, which became ecologically dominant during this interval. Clustered extinction (contemporaneous extinction of close relatives) is typical of most stages of the Devonian, particularly during the Late Devonian extinctions. By contrast, the subsequent early Carboniferous interval of putative recovery is characterized by overdispersed extinction (contemporaneous extinction of distant relatives), consistent with widespread persistence of phylogenetically distinct lineages. This work shows how varying patterns of extinction selectivity pruned the vertebrate tree at the time when the first-order patterns of diversity apparent in modern aquatic vertebrate faunas were first established.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpag116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T12:38:47Z","timestamp":1781613527000},"page":"1957-1969","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The phylogenetic signal of extinction through the rise and fall of early vertebrates: field of bullets or clustered strike?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Joseph T","family":"Flannery-Sutherland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TS ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-5113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy R","family":"Tims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk Clayton 3800 , Melbourne ,","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Palaeontology and Geobiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen , Munich ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig , Leipzig ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Institute of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Jena ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Science, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TS ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10207","article-title":"Initial radiation of jaws demonstrated stability despite faunal and environmental change","volume":"476","author":"Anderson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05166-2","article-title":"The oldest gnathostome teeth","volume":"609","author":"Andreev","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-6724.12005","article-title":"The early evolutionary history and adaptive radiation of the Pterosauria","volume":"86","author":"Andres","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Geologica Sinica"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210X.2012.00223.x","article-title":"Paleotree: An R package for paleontological and phylogenetic analyses of evolution","volume":"3","author":"Bapst","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12081","article-title":"A stochastic rate-calibrated method for time-scaling phylogenies of fossil taxa","volume":"4","author":"Bapst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-2330-9_2","article-title":"The MRP method","volume-title":"Phylogenetic supertrees: Combining information to reveal the tree of life","author":"Baum","year":"2004"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12142","article-title":"Strap: An R package for plotting phylogenies against stratigraphy and assessing their stratigraphic congruence","volume":"58","author":"Bell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty800","article-title":"Measuring phylogenetic signal between categorical traits and phylogenies","volume":"35","author":"Borges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06702-4","article-title":"Fossil evidence for a pharyngeal origin of the vertebrate pectoral girdle","volume":"623","author":"Brazeau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14438","article-title":"The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates","volume":"520","author":"Brazeau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syy083","article-title":"An algorithm for morphological phylogenetic analysis with inapplicable data","volume":"68","author":"Brazeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib13","unstructured":"Brazeau M., Smith M., Guillerme T. (2017). MorphyLib: A library for phylogenetic analysis of categorical trait data with inapplicability. Zenodo. 10.5281\/zenodo.815371"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadp7161","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adp7161","article-title":"Ediacaran origin and Ediacaran\u2013Cambrian diversification of Metazoa","volume":"10","author":"Carlisle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12436","article-title":"Skeletal completeness of the non-avian theropod dinosaur fossil record","volume":"62","author":"Cashmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib16","first-page":"544","volume-title":"Gaining ground: The origin and evolution of tetrapods","author":"Clack","year":"2012"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12412","article-title":"Fossil and phylogenetic analyses reveal recurrent periods of diversification and extinction in dictyopteran insects","volume":"36","author":"Condamine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20130343","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2013.0343","article-title":"Revisiting the impacts of non-random extinction on the tree-of-life","volume":"9","author":"Davies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06538-y","article-title":"The oldest three-dimensionally preserved vertebrate neurocranium","volume":"621","author":"Dearden","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12125","article-title":"Early vertebrate evolution","volume":"5","author":"Donoghue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1017\/S1477201907002234","article-title":"The interrelationships of \u201ccomplex\u201d conodonts (Vertebrata)","volume":"6","author":"Donoghue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2000)28%3c675:DOTAES%3e2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Decoupling of taxonomic and ecologic severity of phanerozoic extinctions","volume":"28","author":"Droser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4818","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5818","article-title":"Disentangling rock record bias and common-cause from redundancy in the British fossil record","volume":"5","author":"Dunhill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12331","article-title":"On formation-based sampling proxies and why they should not be used to correct the fossil record","volume":"61","author":"Dunhill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03730-0","article-title":"Evolutionary analysis of swimming speed in early vertebrates challenges the \u201cNew Head hypothesis\u201d","volume":"5","author":"Ferr\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Communications Biology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170400","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2017.0400","article-title":"Identifying the most surprising victims of mass extinction events: An example using late ordovician brachiopods","volume":"13","author":"Finnegan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20252732","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2025.2732","article-title":"Diversification dynamics of the palaeozoic actinopterygian radiation","volume":"292","author":"Flannery\u00a0Sutherland","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flannery-Sutherland J., Tims A., Clarke J., Friedman M., Giles S. (2026). Supplementary data for: The phylogenetic signal of extinction through the rise and fall of early vertebrates: Field of bullets or clustered strike?. Figshare. 10.6084\/m9.figshare.28789472","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpag116"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13966","article-title":"Fossilbrush: An R package for automated detection and resolution of anomalies in palaeontological occurrence data","volume":"13","author":"Flannery-Sutherland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12150","article-title":"The early evolution of ray-finned fishes","volume":"58","author":"Friedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2012.01165.x","article-title":"Five hundred million years of extinction and recovery: A phanerozoic survey of large-scale diversity patterns in fishes","volume":"55","author":"Friedman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2010.01455.x","article-title":"Selectivity in mammalian extinction risk and threat types: A new measure of phylogenetic signal in binary traits","volume":"24","author":"Fritz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Conservation Biology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011136","article-title":"Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences","volume":"7","author":"Gelman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12524","article-title":"TNT version 1.6, with a graphical interface for MacOS and Linux, including new routines in parallel","volume":"39","author":"Goloboff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib35","first-page":"8720","article-title":"Synchrotron-aided reconstruction of the conodont feeding apparatus and implications for the mouth of the first vertebrates","volume":"108","author":"Goudemand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib36","first-page":"1390","volume-title":"Geologic timescale 2020","author":"Gradstein","year":"2020"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12589","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12589","article-title":"How to date a crocodile: Estimation of neosuchian clade ages and a comparison of four time-scaling methods","volume":"65","author":"Groh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaeb2297","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aeb2297","article-title":"Mass extinction triggered the early radiations of jawed vertebrates and their jawless relatives (gnathostomes)","volume":"12","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2026","journal-title":"Science Advances"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37977","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037977","article-title":"Deep-time phylogenetic clustering of extinctions in an evolutionarily dynamic clade","volume":"7","author":"Hardy","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20220916","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2022.0916","article-title":"Sampling biases obscure the early diversification of the largest living vertebrate group","volume":"289","author":"Henderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1126\/science.11536722","article-title":"Selectivity of end-cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions","volume":"268","author":"Jablonski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1666\/0094-8373-35.4.553","article-title":"Evidence for extinction selectivity throughout the marine invertebrate fossil record","volume":"35","author":"Janevski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Paleobiology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9368","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9368","article-title":"Tip dating with fossil sites and stratigraphic sequences","volume":"8","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib44","first-page":"499","article-title":"Bayesian morphological clock methods resurrect placoderm monophyly and reveal rapid early evolution in jawed vertebrates","volume":"66","author":"King","year":"2016","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0144354","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144354","article-title":"Phylogenetic clustering of origination and extinction across the Late Ordovician mass extinction","volume":"10","author":"Krug","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib46","article-title":"Metatree: Generating meta-analytical phylogenies","author":"Lloyd","year":"2015"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12746","article-title":"Estimating morphological diversity and tempo with discrete character-taxon matrices: Implementation, challenges, progress, and future directions","volume":"118","author":"Lloyd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20160609","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0609","article-title":"Probabilistic divergence time estimation without branch lengths: Dating the origins of dinosaurs, avian flight and crown birds","volume":"12","author":"Lloyd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib49","first-page":"307","volume-title":"The late devonian mass extinction: The frasnian\/fammenian crisis","author":"McGhee","year":"1996"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220160328","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0328","article-title":"Inferring node dates from tip dates in fossil Canidae: The importance of tree priors","volume":"12","author":"Matzke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1089719","article-title":"Increased longevities of post-paleozoic marine genera after mass extinctions","volume":"302","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2146","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814794116","article-title":"Hagfish from the Cretaceous Tethys Sea and a reconciliation of the morphological\u2013molecular conflict in early vertebrate phylogeny","volume":"116","author":"Miyashita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12645","article-title":"The origin of conodonts and of vertebrate mineralized skeletons","volume":"502","author":"Murdock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib54","first-page":"187","article-title":"Scenarios, selection and the ecology of early vertebrates","volume-title":"Early vertebrate evolution: Palaeontology, phylogeny, genetics and development","author":"Purnell","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12309","article-title":"Body length of bony fishes was not a selective factor during the biggest mass extinction of all time","volume":"60","author":"Puttick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib56","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/14772019.2016.1208293","article-title":"Exploring phylogenetic relationships of pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters","volume":"15","author":"Randle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Systematic Palaeontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1126\/science.215.4539.1501","article-title":"Mass extinction in the marine fossil record","volume":"215","author":"Raup","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/sys029","article-title":"MrBayes 3.2: Efficient bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space","volume":"61","author":"Ronquist","year":"2012","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1173073","article-title":"Phylogenetic conservatism of extinctions in marine bivalves","volume":"325","author":"Roy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12086","article-title":"Major issues in the origin of ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) biodiversity","volume":"89","author":"Sallan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biological Reviews"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10131","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0914000107","article-title":"End-devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates","volume":"107","author":"Sallan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.2454","article-title":"Heads or tails: Staged diversification in vertebrate evolutionary radiations","volume":"279","author":"Sallan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar3689","article-title":"The nearshore cradle of early vertebrate diversification","volume":"362","author":"Sallan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aac7373","article-title":"Body-size reduction in vertebrates following the end-devonian mass extinction","volume":"350","author":"Sallan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8335","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100631108","article-title":"Persistent predator\u2013prey dynamics revealed by mass extinction","volume":"108","author":"Sallan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4983.2012.01127.x","article-title":"Chondrichthyan-like scales from the Middle Ordovician of Australia","volume":"55","author":"Sansom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib68","first-page":"156","article-title":"The Ordovicianordovician radiation of vertebrates","volume-title":"Major events in early vertebrate evolution","author":"Sansom","year":"2001"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20142245","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2014.2245","article-title":"Discriminating signal from noise in the fossil record of early vertebrates reveals cryptic evolutionary history","volume":"282","author":"Sansom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib70","first-page":"1","article-title":"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera","volume":"363","author":"Sepkoski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bulletins of American Paleontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syad006","article-title":"Handling logical character dependency in phylogenetic inference: Extensive performance testing of assumptions and solutions using simulated and empirical data","volume":"72","author":"Sim\u00f5es","year":"2023","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib72","first-page":"305","article-title":"TreeSearch: Morphological phylogenetic analysis in R","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"R Journal"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/pala.12274","article-title":"Bias in phylogenetic measurements of extinction and a case study of end-permian tetrapods","volume":"60","author":"Soul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Palaeontology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5070\/P9401160531","article-title":"Paleobiology Database User Guide Version 1.0","volume":"40","author":"Uhen","year":"2023","journal-title":"PaleoBios"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib75","first-page":"1","article-title":"Decline in phylogenetic diversity of Arthrodira (stem-group Gnathostomata) correlates with major Devonian bioevents","volume":"62","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vertebrata Palasiatica"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-023-02299-z","article-title":"Hagfish genome elucidates vertebrate whole-genome duplication events and their evolutionary consequences","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syv080","article-title":"Total-evidence dating under the fossilized birth\u2013death process","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Systematic Biology"},{"key":"2026090706220744100_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05136-8","article-title":"The oldest complete jawed vertebrates from the early Silurian of China","volume":"609","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Evolution"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/evolut\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/evolut\/qpag116\/68537608\/qpag116.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/evolut\/article-pdf\/80\/9\/1957\/68537608\/qpag116.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/evolut\/article-pdf\/80\/9\/1957\/68537608\/qpag116.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T10:22:26Z","timestamp":1788776546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/evolut\/article\/80\/9\/1957\/8709297"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Meseguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]},{"given":"Helene","family":"Morlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/evolut\/qpag116","relation":{},"ISSN":["0014-3820","1558-5646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-3820","type":"print"},{"value":"1558-5646","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]}}}