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Yet, until recently, amplitude had received limited attention in the literature mainly because of operational challenges in its measurement. As a result, fundamental questions about amplitude remain largely unanswered even in one of the most extensively studied group of singers\u2014birds. Here, we set out to answer two such questions: to what degree do birds vary in how loud they can vocalize, and what evolutionary factors drive this variation? Using original amplitude data from 123 bird species, we show that maximum measured amplitudes vary broadly across species\u2014from 64 dB LAeq,20ms\u00a0at 1 m in a species of hummingbird to 122 dB in a species of cotinga\u2014, with two new species emerging as candidates for the world\u2019s loudest bird (as yet identified). Regarding evolutionary drivers of amplitude, we found that species with larger body sizes and larger beak gape widths tend to achieve higher maximum amplitudes. By contrast, ecological predictors assessed\u2014aerial mobility, habitat density, and mating system\u2014had no unequivocal effect on maximum amplitude. By establishing connections between morphology and vocal amplitude, our results represent a step forward in uncovering what enables birds to produce the loudest acoustic signals of all terrestrial fauna.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpag153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:13:01Z","timestamp":1788520381000},"page":"2526-2538","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evolutionary drivers of vocal amplitude in birds"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"80","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4156-2934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o C T","family":"Menezes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2546-7999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Podos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Organismic and Evolutionary Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst Biology Department, , Amherst ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026110202572153700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2026.123494","article-title":"Hushed disputes between noisy neighbours: ovenbirds vary song amplitude during conflicts with territorial rivals","volume":"233","author":"Acorn","year":"2026","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"key":"2026110202572153700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20240284","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2024.0284","article-title":"Fruit resources shape sexual selection processes in a lek mating system","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biology Letters"},{"key":"2026110202572153700_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2008.01518.x","article-title":"Soft song in song sparrows: acoustic structure and implications for signal function","volume":"114","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"ethol"},{"key":"2026110202572153700_bib4","volume-title":"Frugivoria por aves em um fragmento de floresta de restinga no estado do esp\u00edrito santo","author":"Argel-de-Oliveira","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026110202572153700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3002856","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002856","article-title":"Climate and ecology predict latitudinal trends in sexual selection inferred from avian mating systems","volume":"22","author":"Barber","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Biology"},{"key":"2026110202572153700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1701.02434","article-title":"A conceptual introduction to Hamiltonian Monte Carlo","author":"Betancourt","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026110202572153700_bib7","first-page":"90","article-title":"Habitat fragmentation narrows the distribution of avian functional traits associated with seed dispersal in tropical forest","volume":"16","author":"Bovo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Perspect. 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