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Some instances of SSB likely arise from animals\u2019 mating indiscriminately and\/or with imperfect assessment of their partner\u2019s sex. Selection on indiscriminate mating strategies depends on the costs and benefits of mating and the distinguishability of sexes-\u2014which in turn depend on evolvable signals of sex. Other factors like population density (which determines the rate of encountering potential mates) and investment roles (i.e., which sex invests more in reproduction) are likely relevant to the evolution of same-sex and different-sex mating, but there is no consensus as to the direction of these effects. We develop a new model of adaptive coevolution of sexual signaling and discrimination, explicitly incorporating encounter rate, mating costs, and investment roles. Coevolutionary dynamics typically lead to two alternative equilibria: one with no sexual signals and indiscriminate mating; the other with high-quality signaling and exclusively different-sex mating. Low-density conditions favor indiscriminate strategies, due to the steep opportunity costs of missing a possible mate. High density can favor either discriminate or indiscriminate strategies, depending on investment roles. By providing theoretical predictions for the effects of encounter rate and investment roles, our model bridges gaps between theoretical and empirical work on SSB.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/evolut\/qpag177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T21:53:09Z","timestamp":1790459589000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Adaptive dynamics of discriminate and indiscriminate mating"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9746-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Emmanuel College , Boston, MA ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha E","family":"Rothberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder , Boulder, CO ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4894-6834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian A","family":"Lerch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Population Biology, University of California , Davis, CA ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, NC ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2026101205175131700_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70296","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.70296","article-title":"Sex ratio bias triggers demographic suicide in a dense tortoise population","volume":"29","author":"Arsovski","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ecology Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101205175131700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1214\/16-AAP1227","article-title":"From stochastic, individual-based models to the canonical equation of adaptive dynamics in one step","volume":"27","author":"Baar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of Applied Probability"},{"key":"2026101205175131700_bib3","volume-title":"Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity","author":"Bagemihl","year":"1999"},{"issue":"4","key":"2026101205175131700_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.08.001","article-title":"Same-sex sexual behaviour and mistaken identity in male field crickets, Teleogryllus oceanicus","volume":"84","author":"Bailey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"1","key":"2026101205175131700_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2013.04.016","article-title":"Measuring same-sex sexual behaviour: the influence of the male social environment","volume":"86","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"8","key":"2026101205175131700_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2009.03.014","article-title":"Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution","volume":"24","author":"Bailey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Ecology & Evolution"},{"issue":"3","key":"2026101205175131700_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tpb.2005.10.004","article-title":"Unifying evolutionary dynamics: from individual stochastic processes to macroscopic models","volume":"69","author":"Champagnat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theoretical Population Biology"},{"key":"2026101205175131700_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(75)90129-3","article-title":"The attractiveness to males of female drosophila melanogaster: Effects of mating, age and diet","volume":"23","author":"Cook","year":"1975","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"2","key":"2026101205175131700_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0172","article-title":"Courtship reduces longevity of male Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"52","author":"Cordts","year":"1996","journal-title":"Animal Behaviour"},{"issue":"105476","key":"2026101205175131700_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2024.105476","article-title":"From pathology to pleasure: Reframing mechanistic studies on same-sex sexual behavior in primates","volume":"160","author":"Cunningham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horm. 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