{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:13:43Z","timestamp":1764785623342,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["541003003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["541003003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mapping general practitioners\u2019 antibiotic prescribing practices is essential to optimize antibiotic use in primary care and mitigate antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this study was to examine the adherence of Dutch general practitioners to prescribing guidelines for ear and respiratory tract symptoms and conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted on Dutch electronic health records from 2018 to 2021. Antibiotic prescribing frequency and type were examined for ear and respiratory tract symptoms and conditions based on professional prescribing guidelines. Descriptive statistics and multilevel logistic regression analyses were applied.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patient records from up to 384 general practices were analysed for 15 ear and 27 respiratory tract conditions. For 11 of the 15 (73%) ear and 17 of the 27 (63%) respiratory tract conditions, more than 95% of patients were treated according to the prescribing guidelines. Most potential non-adherence to antibiotic prescribing guidelines occurred for acute otitis media (31%\u201334%), acute bronchitis\/bronchiolitis (26%\u201339%), and acute sinusitis (25%\u201334%). Several other respiratory tract conditions showed non-indicated prescribing rates above 10%. For otitis externa, many broad-spectrum antibiotics were prescribed, which rarely happened for respiratory conditions. High variation in prescribing frequency and type between general practices occurred.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>For most conditions, Dutch general practitioners adhere well to antibiotic prescribing guidelines. There are conditions for which there is a high potential for inappropriate prescribing. High variation between practices suggests room for improvement. Stricter implementation of prescribing guidelines may help improve prescribing practice. Alternatively, a practice-specific approach could be effective. The Dutch setting may be exemplary for international antibiotic prescribing practice.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmaf031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T08:02:50Z","timestamp":1749801770000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Adherence to antibiotic prescribing guidelines in Dutch primary care: an analysis of national prescription data on ear and respiratory tract symptoms and conditions among 384 general practices"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4958-9920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarten","family":"Lambert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Veldkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nivel, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research , Otterstraat 118, Utrecht 3515 CR ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvette","family":"Weesie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nivel, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research , Otterstraat 118, Utrecht 3515 CR ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anke","family":"Lambooij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVM, The Dutch Institute for Rational Use of Medicine , Churchilllaan 11, Utrecht 3527 GV ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9550-5674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jochen W L","family":"Cals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Maastricht University Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University , Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht 6229 ER ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Taxis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liset","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of PharmacoTherapy, Epidemiology and Economics, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen , Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen 9713 AV ,","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Nivel, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research , 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