{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T15:53:28Z","timestamp":1785599608406,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,29]],"date-time":"2018-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538179200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this age of antimicrobial resistance, unnecessary use of antibiotics to treat non-bacterial acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) and inappropriate use of antibiotics in treating bacterial ARTIs are public health concerns.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our aim is to identify the pattern of oral antibiotic prescriptions for outpatients with ARTIs in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We analysed health insurance claims data of patients (aged \u226474 years) from 2013 to 2015, to determine the pattern of antibiotic prescriptions for outpatient ARTIs and calculated the proportion of each antibiotic.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Data on 4.6 million antibiotic prescriptions among 1559394 outpatients with ARTIs were analysed. The most commonly prescribed classes of antibiotics included cephalosporins (41.9%), macrolides (32.8%) and fluoroquinolones (14.7%). The proportion of first-, second- and third-generation cephalosporins was 1.0%, 1.7% and 97.3%, respectively. Fluoroquinolones accounted for a quarter of the prescriptions for ARTIs in patients aged &gt;20 years. In contrast, penicillins accounted for just 8.0% of the total number of antibiotic prescriptions for ARTIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>According to clinical guidelines, penicillins are first-line antibiotics against ARTIs. However, third-generation cephalosporins, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are more frequently prescribed in Japan. Although we could not assess the extent to which appropriate antibiotics are selected, our results support the necessity of improving antibiotic choices in the treatment of ARTIs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmy094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,12]],"date-time":"2018-09-12T07:43:42Z","timestamp":1536738222000},"page":"402-409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Pattern of antibiotic prescriptions for outpatients with acute respiratory tract infections in Japan, 2013\u201315: a retrospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Teratani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideharu","family":"Hagiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7755-1754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshihiro","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"},{"name":"Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayu","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayako","family":"Ohshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshito","family":"Zamami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyoshi Y","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhisa","family":"Tatebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Tasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Mikami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacy, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuaki","family":"Shinomiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Education and Research Center for Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Toji Pharmacy, Smile Co., Ltd, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Kitamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsunobu R","family":"Kano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Biomedicine, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiro","family":"Hinotsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 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