{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:27:01Z","timestamp":1789518421515,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]],"date-time":"2018-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Awareness and Early Diagnosis Initiative Project","award":["C18081\/A17854"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C18081\/A17854"]}]},{"name":"Cancer Research UK Advanced Clinician Scientist Fellowship","award":["C18081\/A18180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C18081\/A18180"]}]},{"name":"CanTest Research Collaborative","award":["C8640\/A23385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C8640\/A23385"]}]},{"name":"Houston VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Large variation in measures of diagnostic activity has been described previously between English general practices, but related predictors remain understudied.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine associations between general practice population and characteristics, with the use of urgent referrals for suspected cancer, and use of endoscopy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional observational study of English general practices. We examined practice-level use (\/1000 patients\/year) of urgent referrals for suspected cancer, gastroscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. We used mixed-effects Poisson regression to examine associations with the sociodemographic profile of practice populations and other practice attributes, including the average age, sex and country of qualification of practice doctors.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The sociodemographic characteristics of registered patients explained much of the between-practice variance in use of urgent referrals (32%) and endoscopic investigations (18\u201325%), all being higher in practices with older and more socioeconomically deprived patients. Practice-level attributes explained a substantial amount of between-practice variance in urgent referral (19%) but little of the variance in endoscopy (3%-4%). Adjusted urgent referral rates were higher in training practices and those with younger GPs. Practices with mean doctor ages of 41 and 57 years (at the 10th\/90th centiles of the national distribution) would have urgent referral rates of 24.1 and 19.1\/1000 registered patients, P &lt; 0.001.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Most between-practice variation in use of urgent referrals and endoscopies seems to reflect health need. Some practice characteristics, such as the mean age of GPs, are associated with appreciable variation in use of urgent referrals, though these associations do not seem strong enough to justify targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmy118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,25]],"date-time":"2018-11-25T07:07:31Z","timestamp":1543129651000},"page":"573-580","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Associations between general practice characteristics with use of urgent referrals for suspected cancer and endoscopies: a cross-sectional ecological study"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Silvia C","family":"Mendonca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health Improvement Institute (THIS), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary A","family":"Abel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School (Primary Care), Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolynn","family":"Gildea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Analysis and Registration Service (NCRAS), Public Health England, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"McPhail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Analysis and Registration Service (NCRAS), Public Health England, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D","family":"Peake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Analysis and Registration Service (NCRAS), Public Health England, London, UK"},{"name":"University of Leicester, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Sir James Spence Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hardeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Houston VA Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willie","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School (Primary Care), Exeter, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona M","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin O","family":"Roland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Centre for Health Services Research, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2873-7421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Lyratzopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Health Improvement Institute (THIS), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"National Cancer Analysis and Registration Service (NCRAS), Public Health England, London, UK"},{"name":"Epidemiology of Cancer Healthcare and Outcomes (ECHO) Research Group, Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019100811283908600_CIT0001","author":"Balogh"},{"key":"2019100811283908600_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.23","article-title":"Diagnosing cancer earlier: reviewing the evidence for improving cancer 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