{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T10:24:50Z","timestamp":1779272690263,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]],"date-time":"2020-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006143","name":"Department of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006143","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Early Career Research","award":["ECR\/2016\/000102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECR\/2016\/000102"]}]},{"name":"Early Career Research","award":["2016\/IF160189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/IF160189"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Rhizopus arrhizus is a common pathogenic Mucoralean mold that exists as a saprophyte, and is disseminated through sporangiospores, which germinate to form mycelia under suitable environmental or infection settings. Such morphological transitions are often mediated by self-produced effector molecules in a density-dependent fashion. This study aimed to elucidate if a quorum-dependent, cell-density-driven phenomenon exists in R. arrhizus, and identify the molecule(s) involved. The germination of R. arrhizus was observed to be reliant on the seeding density, with nearly 71% and 47% germination in Sabouraud dextrose and glucose asparagine media respectively at 1\u00a0\u00d7 105\u20131\u00a0\u00d7 106 spores\/mL, and only 10% and 1% germination respectively with 1\u00a0\u00d7 108 spores\/mL. The late-growth-stage supernatant also hindered the spore germination and liquid-culture biomass in a dose-dependent way. These effects were being mediated by a volatile inhibitor present in the headspace and supernatant of R. arrhizus cultures, identified as 2-methyl-2-butene by gas chromatography and electron ionization-quadrupole mass spectrometry. The compound was present in a density-dependent manner and considerably impaired fungal germ-tube emergence and elongation during germination. Spore swelling remained unaffected. Multiple thin protrusions comprising of F-actin and microtubules were seen emanating from the treated cells, suggestive of filopodia-like and cytoneme-like extensions. The same compound was also detected in Rhizomucor pusillus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaa170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]],"date-time":"2020-08-14T19:39:42Z","timestamp":1597433982000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Volatile self-inhibitor of spore germination in pathogenic Mucorale Rhizopus arrhizus"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9041-0251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahaldeep","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachna","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020082815520841900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.652201","article-title":"Quorum sensing in fungi\u2013a review","volume":"50","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Mycol"},{"key":"2020082815520841900_bib2","first-page":"e00986","article-title":"Quorum sensing-mediated, cell density-dependent regulation of growth and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans","volume":"5","author":"Albuquerque","year":"2013","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"2020082815520841900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuy022","article-title":"Role of quorum sensing and chemical communication in fungal biotechnology and pathogenesis","volume":"42","author":"Barriuso","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2020082815520841900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05317.x","article-title":"Quorum sensing activity in Ophiostoma ulmi: effects of fusel oils and branched chain amino acids on yeast-mycelial dimorphism","volume":"113","author":"Berrocal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2020082815520841900_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.63.1.178-185.1997","article-title":"Nonanoic acid, a fungal self-inhibitor, prevents germination of Rhizopus oligosporus sporangiospores by dissipation of the pH gradient","volume":"63","author":"Breeuwer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2020082815520841900_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e32834ab21e","article-title":"The emerging epidemiology of mould infections in developing countries","volume":"24","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2020082815520841900_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5048","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401416101","article-title":"Tyrosol is a quorum-sensing molecule in Candida albicans","volume":"101","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"2020082815520841900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.70.5.2823-2829.2004","article-title":"Germination of Penicillium paneum conidia is regulated by 1-octen-3-ol, a volatile self-inhibitor","volume":"70","author":"Chitarra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2020082815520841900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1039\/C7NP00003K","article-title":"Fungal volatiles - a survey from edible mushrooms to moulds","volume":"34","author":"Dickschat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Prod Rep"},{"key":"2020082815520841900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2017.023","article-title":"Biological and chemical strategies for exploring inter- and intra-kingdom communication mediated via bacterial volatile signals","volume":"12","author":"Farag","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2020082815520841900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1139\/b55-032","article-title":"The nature of the inhibiting substance emiitted by germination Urediospores of Puccinia graminis var. 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