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This transmissible disease manifests as circular lesions with red margins and results in bare spongin fibers. Leptolyngbya spp. appear to be responsible for the characteristic red coloration but transmission studies with a sponge-derived isolate failed to establish disease, leaving the etiology of ARBS unknown. To investigate the cause of ARBS, contact transmission experiments were performed between healthy and diseased sponges separated by filters with varying pore sizes. Transmission occurred when sponges were separated by filters with pore sizes \u2265 2.5 \u03bcm, suggesting a prokaryotic pathogen(s) but not completely eliminating eukaryotic pathogen(s). Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing methods, 38 prokaryotic taxa were significantly enriched in diseased sponges, including Leptolyngbya, whereas seven taxa were only found in some, but not all, of the ARBS-affected sponges. These results do not implicate a single taxon, but rather a suite of taxa that changed in relative abundance with disease, suggesting a polymicrobial etiology as well as dysbiosis. As a better understanding of dysbiosis is gained, changes in the composition of associated prokaryotic communities may have increasing importance for evaluating and maintaining the health of individuals and imperiled coral reef ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiab164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T20:12:58Z","timestamp":1639771978000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transmission studies and the composition of prokaryotic communities associated with healthy and diseased<i>Aplysina cauliformis<\/i>sponges suggest that<i>Aplysina<\/i>Red Band Syndrome is a prokaryotic polymicrobial disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Matteo","family":"Monti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama , 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Alabama , 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3845-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cole G","family":"Easson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Middle Tennessee State University , P.O. Box 60, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah J","family":"Gochfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi , P.O. Box 1848, University, MS 38677, USA"},{"name":"Department of BioMolecular Sciences, University of Mississippi , P.O. 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