{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:18:19Z","timestamp":1787501899899,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Ruminants are dependent on their gut microbiomes for nutrient extraction from plant diets. However, knowledge about the composition, diversity, function, and spatial structure of gut microbiomes, especially in wild ruminants, is limited, largely because analysis has been restricted to faeces or the rumen. In two geographically separated reindeer subspecies, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed strong spatial structuring, and pronounced differences in microbial diversity of at least 33 phyla across the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine (including faeces). The main structural feature was the Bacteroidota to Firmicutes ratio, which declined from the stomach to the large intestine, likely reflecting functional adaptation. Metagenome shotgun sequencing also revealed highly significant structuring in the relative occurrence of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). CAZymes were enriched in the rumen relative to the small and large intestines. Interestingly, taxonomic diversity was highest in the large intestine, suggesting an important and understudied role for this organ. Despite the two study populations being separated by an ocean and six millennia of evolutionary history, gut microbiome structuring was remarkably consistent. Our study suggests a strong selection for gut microbiome biogeography along the gastrointestinal tract in reindeer subspecies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiad157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,28]],"date-time":"2023-11-28T11:52:38Z","timestamp":1701172358000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gut microbiome biogeography in reindeer supersedes millennia of ecological and evolutionary separation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"99","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7241-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefaniya","family":"Kamenova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , 0371 Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Departments of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , 1433 \u00c5s , Norway"},{"name":"National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences , 1000 Sofia , Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J","family":"de\u00a0Muinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , 0371 Oslo , Norway"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo , 0371 Oslo , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vebj\u00f8rn","family":"Veiberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Institute for Nature Research , 7034 Trondheim , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tove Aagnes","family":"Utsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries, and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , 9510 Alta , Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam M J 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