{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T01:13:03Z","timestamp":1784682783876,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-22-CE35-0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-22-CE35-0010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Laboratoire D\u00e9partemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de Dordogne","award":["LDAR24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LDAR24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Free-living amoebae (FLA) are described as environmental reservoirs for some bacteria able to resist their phagocytosis. In the environment, the fate of Mycobacterium bovis (Mbo) and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) responsible for bovine tuberculosis and paratuberculosis, respectively, remains poorly understood and is considered potentially problematic in the eradication and control of these diseases. We hypothesize that FLA may play a role in the persistence of Mbo and Map in the environment. In this study, 90 samples were collected from herds affected by one or both diseases to investigate the diversity of amoeba and their associated bacteria. Metabarcoding analyses revealed that Acanthamoeba, Copromyxa, Naegleria, and Vermamoeba were the most represented genera of FLA, with Pseudomonadota being the bacteria most commonly found associated with FLA. Although no Mbo and Map DNA were identified by sequencing, traces were detected by ddPCR (digital droplet PCR), specifically targeting these bacteria. In conclusion, we described a wide diversity of FLA and associated bacteria in this environment. It also suggests that Map and Mbo could be associated, even weakly, with FLA in the environment. However, this needs to be confirmed by detecting a highest amount of DNA and, if possible, cultivable Map and\/or Mbo associated with these environmental FLA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiae164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T01:12:23Z","timestamp":1734484343000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Extensive environmental survey of free-living amoebae and their elusive association with <i>Mycobacterium bovis<\/i> or <i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i> subsp. <i>paratuberculosis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9886-6268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Jessu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire \u00c9cologie et Biologie des Interactions (EBI), UMR 7267, Equipe Microorganismes, H\u00f4tes, Environnement, Poitiers , 86000 Poitiers ,","place":["France"]},{"name":"Laboratoire D\u00e9partemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de la Dordogne , Coulounieix-Chamiers 24660 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thierry","family":"Cochard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Universit\u00e9 de Tours, UMR 1282, Infectiologie et Sant\u00e9 Publique , Nouzilly 37175 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Burtin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire \u00c9cologie et Biologie des Interactions (EBI), UMR 7267, Equipe Microorganismes, H\u00f4tes, Environnement, Poitiers , 86000 Poitiers ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phanie","family":"Crapart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire \u00c9cologie et Biologie des Interactions (EBI), UMR 7267, Equipe Microorganismes, H\u00f4tes, Environnement, Poitiers , 86000 Poitiers ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1111-2916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Delafont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire \u00c9cologie et Biologie des Interactions (EBI), UMR 7267, Equipe Microorganismes, H\u00f4tes, Environnement, Poitiers , 86000 Poitiers ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ascel","family":"Samba-Louaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire \u00c9cologie et Biologie des Interactions (EBI), UMR 7267, Equipe Microorganismes, H\u00f4tes, Environnement, Poitiers , 86000 Poitiers ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Biet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Universit\u00e9 de Tours, UMR 1282, Infectiologie et Sant\u00e9 Publique , Nouzilly 37175 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Louis","family":"Moyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire D\u00e9partemental d'Analyse et de Recherche de la Dordogne , Coulounieix-Chamiers 24660 ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"H\u00e9chard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire \u00c9cologie et Biologie des Interactions (EBI), UMR 7267, Equipe Microorganismes, H\u00f4tes, Environnement, Poitiers , 86000 Poitiers ,","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025012217521275900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8812898","article-title":"Does Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis survival in the environment confound bovine tuberculosis control and eradication? 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