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Here, we analyzed 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomics sequencing data to study the abundance and diversity of nitrifiers within biofilms on the concrete surface of the Oslofjord subsea road tunnel in Norway. We showed that the abundance of nitrifiers varied greatly in time and space, with a mean abundance of 24.7 \u00b1 15% but a wide range between 1.2% and 61.4%. We hypothesize that niche differentiation allows the coexistence of several nitrifier groups and that their high diversity increases the resilience to fluctuating environmental conditions. Strong correlations were observed between the nitrifying families Nitrosomonadaceae and Nitrospinaceae, and the iron-oxidizing family Mariprofundaceae. Metagenome-assembled genome analyses suggested that early Mariprofundaceae colonizers may provide a protected environment for nitrifiers in exchange for nitrogen compounds and vitamin B12, but further studies are needed to elucidate the spatial organization of the biofilms and the cooperative and competitive interactions in this environment. Together, this research provides novel insights into the diverse communities of nitrifiers living within biofilms on concrete surfaces and establishes a foundation for future experimental studies of concrete biofilms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaf032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T16:07:52Z","timestamp":1743437272000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High diversity of nitrifying bacteria and archaea in biofilms from a subsea tunnel"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Linnea F M","family":"Kop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University , Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ , Nijmegen,","place":["The 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Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Sven Hultins gata 6, 412 96 Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6155-7759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Britt-Marie","family":"Wil\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Water Environment Technology, Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Sven Hultins gata 6, 412 96 Gothenburg,","place":["Sweden"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Per","family":"Hagelia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Construction Division, The Norwegian Public Roads Administration , Innspurten 11C, 0663 Oslo","place":["Norway"]},{"name":"M\u00fcller-Sars Biological Station, \u00d8rje , PO Box 64, NO-1871 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