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Enterococcus faecalis, a Gram-positive commensal bacterium found across a wide range of hosts, has the potential to benefit its host through probiotic, antimicrobial and detoxification properties. However, it can also cause adverse effects, disrupting the host's healthy microbial communities and responses to co-stressors. Its context-dependent impact on the health of the agriculturally important pollinator - Apis mellifera - has been sparsely explored. Here, we examined the effects on honey bee brood survivorship and development when exposed at different concentrations and when co-exposed with chemical stressors (acetamiprid, thymol, glyphosate, and a mixture of the three). We found high doses of E. faecalis significantly reduced larval survivorship and size of brood at multiple developmental stages. Conversely, we found that low doses of E. faecalis increased larval size when individuals were co-exposed to the pesticide mixture. We also found that glyphosate alone and the pesticide mixture reduced the mass of brown-eyed pupae. These results are the first to show the dual role of E. faecalis in honey bee health is dependent on the concentration of the microbe and the co-stressors that brood are exposed to.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiaf080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T16:28:15Z","timestamp":1753806495000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Friend or foe? Concentration of a commensal microbe induces distinct responses in developing honey bees exposed to field-realistic pesticide concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0248-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Yordanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, , Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"University of Oxford Department of Biology, , Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 3SZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, , Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY ,","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"University of Oxford Department of Biology, , Wellington Square, Oxford OX1 3SZ ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlota B","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, , Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie E F","family":"Evison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Evolution & Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard J","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, , Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Graystock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College London Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Department of Life Sciences, , Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025090911061849700_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8164","article-title":"Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance glyphosate","volume":"21","author":"\u00c1lvarez","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFS2"},{"key":"2025090911061849700_doi100_135_132925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28085-2","article-title":"A high-throughput sequencing survey characterizing European foulbrood disease and Varroosis in honey 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