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Honeydew supports a wide range of organisms, including ants, pollinators, (hyper-)parasitoids wasps, predatory insects, and microbes. As a sugar-rich resource, honeydew is frequently colonized by specific microbes (i.e. bacteria and fungi), which consume its sugars and other nutritional constituents. Recent research suggests that microbes within honeydew may modify its traits. Thereby driving microbial succession and acting as important \u2018hidden players\u2019 in multitrophic ecological interactions. Yet, its role as a dynamic microbial habitat remains largely unexplored. Here, we synthesize current evidence on the microbial ecology of honeydew and propose that honeydew is a dynamic rapidly changing microbial habitat. We further propose a four-stage successional model to frame its temporal dynamics. We discuss how the honeydew microbiome alters nutritional composition. Further, we discuss how the honeydew microbiome may mediate multitrophic interactions through the emission of volatile organic compounds that attract natural enemies of honeydew-producing insects. We propose that this process may pose a trade-off between the microbial secondary metabolism and its dispersal capacity of some microbes. We aim to stimulate research that will establish honeydew microbial ecology as a new frontier in plant\u2013insect\u2013microbe interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiag104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:36:34Z","timestamp":1788867394000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Honeydew microbial ecology: a neglected frontier in multitrophic networks"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1525-6901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francine A C","family":"van\u00a0Neerbos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Ecology, University of Bremen , D-28359, Bremen ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9663-9164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Cusumano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Palermo Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, , I-90128, Palermo ,","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7698-6641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart","family":"Lievens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMPG Laboratory of Process Microbial Ecology and Bioinspirational Management , Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, B-3001, Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven , B-3001, Leuven ,","place":["Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3542-4511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maite","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez\u00a0de\u00a0Bobadilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Protecci\u00f3n Vegetal, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA) , Moncada, 46113 Valencia ,","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026091808312892600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2020.02.004","article-title":"Evolution in lifestyles in Capnodiales","volume":"95","author":"Abdollahzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stud Mycol"},{"key":"2026091808312892600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2023.101138","article-title":"Floral nectar and honeydew microbial diversity and their role in biocontrol of insect pests and pollination","volume":"61","author":"\u00c1lvarez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"key":"2026091808312892600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.01.012","article-title":"Yeast-bacterium interactions: the next frontier in nectar research","volume":"24","author":"\u00c1lvarez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci"},{"key":"2026091808312892600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-021-03213-5","article-title":"Physiochemical responses in coconut leaves infected by spiraling whitefly and the associated sooty mold formation","volume":"43","author":"Arun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Physiol Plant"},{"key":"2026091808312892600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.3.707-712.1990","article-title":"Acetic acid bacterial biota of the pink sugar cane mealybug Saccharococcus sacchari, and its environs","volume":"56","author":"Ashbolt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2026091808312892600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1017\/S1742758400001855","article-title":"Biochemical evidence fort he feeding sites of the leafhopper Nephotettix virescens. 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