{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T03:45:48Z","timestamp":1783482348330,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Foodborne and zoonotic viral pathogens are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. These viruses can be transmitted through foods such as dairy products to humans and cause several acute and chronic diseases. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and profile of different foodborne and zoonotic viruses in raw cow milk samples. We collected 492 raw cow milk samples from local dairy markets in Qazvin, Iran. Then we evaluated the presence of hepatitis A virus, noroviruses, rotavirus, astrovirus, bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in samples using conventional and nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction methods. We found that 34.95, 7.72, 25.81, 14.63, 66.86, 12.80 and 21.34% of raw milk samples were contaminated with norovirus GI, norovirus GII, hepatitis A virus, rotavirus, astrovirus, BLV and TBEV viruses, respectively. Interestingly, the samples collected from the city's south area revealed a higher prevalence of foodborne and zoonotic viruses. Astrovirus and its combination with norovirus GI were the most prevalent virus profiles. Also, the highest correlations were observed among the presence of rotavirus and hepatitis A viruses (0.36) and TBEV and norovirus GII (0.31). Considering the prevalence rate and virus profiles of different foodborne and zoonotic viruses in raw milk samples, hygiene practices and the pasteurization process are strongly suggested to be conducted throughout the cow milk production chain and in dairy industries to prevent infections with these pathogens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnac108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T04:27:04Z","timestamp":1668054424000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence of foodborne and zoonotic viral pathogens in raw cow milk samples"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"369","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6677-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babak","family":"Pakbin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences , Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John W A","family":"Rossen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Isala Hospital , 8025 AB Zwolle, the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1412-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfram Manuel","family":"Br\u00fcck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis , 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3948-5423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naim","family":"Montazeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samaneh","family":"Allahyari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences , Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaghayegh Pishkhan","family":"Dibazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences , Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razieh","family":"Abdolvahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences , Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Razzagh","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences , Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Peymani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences , Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasoul","family":"Samimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences , Qazvin 15315-3419, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022120717104349400_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-018-0087-9","article-title":"Selected viruses detected on and in our food","volume":"5","author":"Bachofen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Clin Microbiol Rep"},{"key":"2022120717104349400_bib2","first-page":"223","article-title":"Identification of bovine leukemia virus in raw milk samples in north-west of Iran","volume-title":"Veterinary Research Forum","author":"Barzegar","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022120717104349400_bib3","article-title":"Raw milk producers with high levels of hygiene and safety","volume":"148","author":"Berge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2022120717104349400_bib4","first-page":"110","article-title":"Foodborne viruses. 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