{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T11:57:53Z","timestamp":1753876673647,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2016R1D1A3B01008304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2016R1D1A3B01008304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Bacterial population exposed to stressful antibiotic conditions consists of various subpopulations such as tolerant, persister, and resistant cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phenotypic heterogeneity of Salmonella Typhimurium preadapted to sublethal concentrations of antibiotics. Salmonella Typhimurium cells were treated with 1\/2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0MIC of antibiotics for the first 48\u00a0h and successively 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0MIC for the second 24\u00a0h at 37\u00b0C, including untreated control (CON), no antibiotic and 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0MIC ciprofloxacin (NON-CIP), 1\/2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0MIC ciprofloxacin and 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0MIC ciprofloxacin (CIP-CIP), 1\/2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0MIC tetracycline and 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0MIC ciprofloxacin (TET-CIP), no antibiotic and 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0MIC tetracycline (NON-TET), 1\/2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0MIC ciprofloxacin and 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0MIC tetracycline (CIP-TET), and 1\/2\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0MIC tetracycline and 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a0MIC tetracycline (TET-TET). All treatments were evaluated by antibiotic susceptibility, ATP level, relative fitness, cross-resistance, and persistence. S. Typhimurium cells were more susceptible to non-adapted NON-CIP and NON-TET (&amp;gt;3-log reduction) than pre-adapted CIP-CIP, TET-CIP, CIP-TET, and TET-TET. CON exhibited the highest ATP level, corresponding to the viable cell number. The relative fitness levels were more than 0.95 for all treatments, except for NON-CIP (0.78). The resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline was increased at all treatments with the exception of NON-TET. The persister cells were noticeably induced at CIP-TET treatment, showing more than 5 log CFU mL\u22121. The results suggest that the antibiotic preadaptation led to heterogeneous populations including persisters that can develop to resistance. This study provides new insight in the bacterial persistence associated with their potential risk and paves the way to design antibiotic therapy targeting dormant bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnad100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T05:51:35Z","timestamp":1696139495000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assessment of phenotypic heterogeneity in <i>Salmonella<\/i> Typhimurium preadapted to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"370","author":[{"given":"Jirapat","family":"Dawan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University , Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341 , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songrae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chuncheon Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI) , Chuncheon 24341 , Republic of 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