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It was only known that this cysteine protease mediates cleavage of transmembrane proteins to permit bacterial penetration and is found in 25% of clinical isolates from streptococcal toxic shock syndrome patients with extreme inflammation. Its interaction with host and streptococcal proteins has been well characterized, but doubt remains about whether it constitutes a superantigen. In this study, for the first time it is shown that SpeB acts as a superantigen, similarly to other known superantigens such as staphylococcal enterotoxin A or streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin type C, by inducing proliferation of murine splenocytes and cytokine secretion, primarily of interleukin-2 (IL-2), as shown by cytometric bead array analysis. IL-2 secretion was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as well as secretion of interferon-\u03b3. ELISA showed a dose-dependent relationship between SpeB concentration in splenocyte cells and IL-2 secretion levels, and it was shown that SpeB retains activity in milk pasteurized for 30 min at 63\u00b0C.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnae036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T01:15:02Z","timestamp":1716945302000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin B is a superantigen that induces murine splenocyte proliferation and secretion of IL-2 and IFN-\u03b3 <i>ex vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"371","author":[{"given":"Reuven","family":"Rasooly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foodborne Toxin Detection & Prevention Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture , Albany, CA 94710 , United 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