{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T04:36:07Z","timestamp":1777869367230,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are essential pollinators that sustain biodiversity and global food security but are increasingly threatened by bacterial infections and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study investigated the bacterial composition and resistance profiles of beehives from three floral micro-regions of Misurata city, Libya: Spring Flower, Thyme, and Sidr. A total of 120 isolates (40 per area) were identified using biochemical assays and tested for susceptibility to tetracycline, erythromycin, ampicillin, and chloramphenicol. Bacillus species predominated (56.7%), followed by Staphylococcus (28.3%), with minor occurrences of Pseudomonas, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, and Acinetobacter. Marked interspecific differences were detected for tetracycline, erythromycin, and ampicillin, while no chloramphenicol resistance occurred (0\/120; 0%, 95% CI upper bound\u00a0\u2248\u00a03.1%). Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp. exhibited the highest resistance, contrasting with the largely susceptible Bacillus isolates, except for ampicillin resistance in B. cereus (34\/40; 85.0%) and B. subtilis (6\/28; 21.4%). Less frequent species tended to display stronger resistance, whereas no significant differences were observed among the three sampling areas. These findings establish the first baseline of bacterial diversity and AMR in Libyan beehives, emphasizing the need for responsible antibiotic use and continuous monitoring within apicultural ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnaf146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T13:03:43Z","timestamp":1766581423000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial diversity and antimicrobial resistance profiles in beehives from Spring Flowers, Thyme, and Sidr areas of Misurata city, Libya"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"373","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2014-3693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohanned Mohamed","family":"Alwashaish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Misurata University Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Misurata ,","place":["Libya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ali","family":"Elrahait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Misurata University Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Misurata ,","place":["Libya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Hussain","family":"Sanalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Misurata University Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Misurata ,","place":["Libya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asma Abdellatif","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Misurata University Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Misurata ,","place":["Libya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabil Jamal","family":"Elmahaishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Misurata University Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, , Misurata ,","place":["Libya"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Bacterial diseases","volume-title":"Bee Disease Diagnosis","author":"Alippi","year":"1999"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-12823-9","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of honey bee colonies alters early gut microbiome assembly and induces persistent dysbiosis in newly emerged workers","volume":"15","author":"Allen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83125","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0083125","article-title":"Microbial ecology of the hive and pollination landscape: bacterial communities in honey bee colonies","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib4","volume-title":"Honey Bee Pathology","author":"Bailey","year":"1991","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90763-0","article-title":"High abundance of lactobacilli in the gut microbiome of honey bees during winter","volume":"15","author":"Brar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11021","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61199-9","article-title":"Quantitative microbiome profiling of honey bee (Apis mellifera) guts is predictive of winter colony loss in northern Virginia (USA)","volume":"14","author":"Carlini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-021-01756-1","article-title":"Seasonal dynamics of the honey bee gut microbiota in colonies under subtropical climate","volume":"83","author":"Castelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5540574","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5540574","article-title":"Antimicrobial-resistant environmental bacteria isolated using a network of honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera L. 1758)","volume":"2023","author":"Cilia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib9","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)","year":"2022","edition":"32nd ed."},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-023-10203-1","article-title":"Testing the effectiveness of a commercially sold probiotic on restoring the gut microbiota of honey bees: a field study","volume":"17","author":"Damico","year":"2025","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0057824","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00578-24","article-title":"Honeybee gut bacterial strain improved survival and gut microbiota homeostasis in Apis mellifera exposed to clothianidin","volume":"12","author":"El\u00a0Khoury","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2583.2006.00682.x","article-title":"Immune pathways and defence mechanisms in honey bees (Apis mellifera)","volume":"15","author":"Evans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Insect Mol Biol"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2011.09.003","article-title":"Bees brought to their knees: microbes affecting honey bee health","volume":"19","author":"Evans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib14","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pollinators Are the Unsung Heroes of Our Ecosystems"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2009.06.016","article-title":"European foulbrood in honey bees","volume":"103","author":"Forsgren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Invertebr Pathol"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2573-8","article-title":"Honey bee pathology: current threats to honey bees and beekeeping","volume":"87","author":"Genersch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0418.2010.01609.x","article-title":"Gut microbiome dysbiosis and honeybee health","volume":"135","author":"Hamdi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Entomol"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12862-025-02349-z","article-title":"Characterization of gut microbiota in Apis cerana across different altitudes in Peninsular India","volume":"25","author":"Hariprasath","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fiad065","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiad065","article-title":"Glyphosate and a glyphosate-based herbicide affect bumblebee gut microbiota","volume":"99","author":"Helander","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781746","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.781746","article-title":"The pass-on effect of tetracycline-induced honey bee (Apis mellifera) gut community dysbiosis","volume":"12","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12081567","article-title":"The improving effects of probiotic-added pollen substitute diets on the gut microbiota and individual health of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.)","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2006.3721","article-title":"Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops","volume":"274","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598","article-title":"A longitudinal field study of commercial honey bees shows that non-native probiotics do not rescue antibiotic treatment and are generally not beneficial","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.3390\/insects14110874","article-title":"Elucidating the role of honey bees as biomonitors in environmental health research","volume":"14","author":"Mair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Insects"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00990-3","article-title":"The honeybee microbiota and its impact on health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Motta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Micro"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387231200178","article-title":"Oxytetracycline-resistant paenibacillus larvae identified in commercial beekeeping operations in Saskatchewan using pooled honey sampling","volume":"35","author":"Obshta","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12345","article-title":"Lactic acid bacterial symbionts in honeybees\u2014an unknown key to honey\u2019s antimicrobial and therapeutic activities","volume":"13","author":"Olofsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-008-9202-0","article-title":"Detection and identification of a novel lactic acid bacterial flora within the honey stomach of the honeybee Apis mellifera","volume":"57","author":"Olofsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Microbiol"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0286070","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0286070","article-title":"The microbiome and gene expression of honey bee workers are affected by a diet containing pollen substitutes","volume":"18","author":"Powell","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2001861","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2001861","article-title":"Antibiotic exposure perturbs the gut microbiota and elevates mortality in honeybees","volume":"15","author":"Raymann","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib37_449_024526","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-34598-8","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) bacterial symbionts","author":"Sacc\u00e0","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010192","article-title":"The response of the honey bee gut microbiota to Nosema ceranae is modulated by the probiotic pediococcus acidilactici and the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam","volume":"12","author":"Sbaghdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85114-y","article-title":"Comparing the impact of landscape on the gut microbiome of Apis mellifera in Atlantic Forest and Caatinga biomes","volume":"15","author":"Soares","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00377","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00377-12","article-title":"Long-term exposure to antibiotics has caused accumulation of resistance genes in the gut microbiota of honeybees","volume":"3","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026043009371160600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021550","article-title":"Exposure to sublethal doses of fipronil and thiacloprid highly increases mortality of honeybees previously infected by Nosema ceranae","volume":"6","author":"Vidau","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["FEMS Microbiology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsle\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnaf146\/66132174\/fnaf146.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsle\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnaf146\/68194511\/fnaf146.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsle\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnaf146\/68194511\/fnaf146.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:37:22Z","timestamp":1777556242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsle\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnaf146\/8405345"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"references-count":36,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnaf146","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-6968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-6968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"article-number":"fnaf146"}}