{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:52:58Z","timestamp":1787165578250,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as a systemic regulator of host physiology, extending its influence to the skin. Microbial metabolites\u2014including short-chain fatty acids, exopolysaccharides, \u03b2-glucuronidase, and S-equol\u2014modulate key processes such as inflammation, estrogen metabolism, and cellular senescence. In melasma, a chronic hyperpigmentation disorder with inflammatory features, dysbiosis alters immunometabolic pathways that sustain disease persistence. Beneficial taxa such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium generate bioactive products that inhibit NF-\u03baB signalling, suppress the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, and mitigate melanogenic stimuli. Conversely, \u03b2-glucuronidase-producing microbes enhance estrogen recycling and oxidative stress, favouring hyperpigmentation. This mini-review highlights microbial drivers of gut\u2013skin crosstalk in melasma and underscores the microbiota as a source of potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. We propose that gut dysbiosis contributes to melasma pathogenesis through microbiota-derived metabolites that modulate estrogen signalling and cellular senescence pathways, establishing a mechanistic framework linking immunometabolic dysregulation to persistent hyperpigmentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnag036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T11:39:28Z","timestamp":1774957168000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut microbiota\u2013skin axis in melasma: microbial metabolites and hormonal crosstalk"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"373","author":[{"given":"Caroline Kihara","family":"Cornachini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE) , Presidente Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, 19050-290 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Let\u00edcia Pereira","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Animal Science, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE) , Presidente Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, 19067-175 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirlei Gomes Martins","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE) , Presidente Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, 19050-290 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kauany Damiane","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE) , Presidente Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, 19050-290 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4405-2534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joyce","family":"Marinho\u00a0de\u00a0Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo (UNOESTE) , Presidente Prudente, S\u00e3o Paulo, 19050-290 ,","place":["Brazil"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026043009370096500_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.116274","article-title":"Biofilm formation and analysis of EPS architecture comprising polysaccharides and lipids by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli on food processing surfaces","volume":"209","author":"Akter","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Research International"},{"key":"2026043009370096500_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.25259\/IJDVL_126_2021","article-title":"Histological changes in facial melasma after treatment with triple combination cream with or without oral tranexamic acid and\/or microneedling: a randomised clinical trial","volume":"88","author":"Cassiano","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJDVL"},{"key":"2026043009370096500_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13836","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13836","article-title":"Therapeutic effects elicited by the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG in children with atopic dermatitis. 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