{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T13:02:04Z","timestamp":1780146124810,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundation","award":["BK20240946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20240946"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Colleges","award":["1020241019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1020241019"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["SJCX24_1969"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX24_1969"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013254","name":"National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202510304205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202510304205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Metronidazole is a widely used nitroimidazole antibiotic in clinical practice. Following its widespread use, it enters the environment via medical wastewater, posing a potential risk of toxicity to ecosystems and living organisms. Microbial degradation is an efficient method of accurately eliminating target pollutants from the environment. Here, a metronidazole degrader, Sphingopyxis sp. K5, was isolated from medical wastewater sludge. Strain K5 could degrade 58.7 \u03bc M metronidazole after 4 days of incubation with an initial OD600 of 1.5. The optimal degradation conditions were 35\u00b0C and pH 8.0, and the strain exhibited stable degradation efficiency on high metronidazole concentrations (100\u2013500 \u03bc M). The supplementation of nutrients such as LB or glucose can improve degradation efficiency by 152.0% and 129.0%, respectively. Design-Expert software was used for optimization of conditions such as temperature (33.7\u00b0C), pH (8.2), and cell density of inoculation (OD600 of 1.0). The degradation of metronidazole in soil and wastewater by strain K5 proved its potential for application. Strain K5 could eliminate &amp;gt; 95% of 5 and 25 ppm metronidazole in soil and wastewater within 5 and 10 days, respectively. Our results characterized the degradation efficiency of metronidazole by strain K5 and provided a theoretical basis for the bioremediation of metronidazole-contaminated environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnag059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T11:45:49Z","timestamp":1778845549000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel metronidazole-degrading bacterium\n                    <i>Sphingopyxis<\/i>\n                    sp. K5: isolation, characterization, and application potential in soil and wastewater remediation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"373","author":[{"given":"Shunyi","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nantong University , Nantong 226019 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huayi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nantong University , Nantong 226019 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuqian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nantong University , Nantong 226019 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiapeng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nantong University , Nantong 226019 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nantong University , Nantong 226019 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqiu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nantong University , Nantong 226019 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifa","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nantong University , Nantong 226019 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7848-9190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yidong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Nantong University , Nantong 226019 ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bmt.1703797","article-title":"Influence of intestinal decontamination using metronidazole on the detection of methanogenic Archaea in bone marrow transplant recipients","volume":"31","author":"Ansorg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4012","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00391","article-title":"Hydroxypropyl cellulose-based orally dissolving film loaded with insoluble dexamethasone for treatment of oral ulcers","volume":"21","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.41.7.1495","article-title":"Metabolism of a 5-nitroimidazole in susceptible and resistant isogenic strains of Bacteroides fragilis","volume":"41","author":"Carlier","year":"1997","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr251","article-title":"The antimicrobial resistance pattern of cultured human methanogens reflects the unique phylogenetic position of archaea","volume":"66","author":"Dridi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib5","first-page":"504","article-title":"Vaginitis: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"112","author":"Geer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10040174","article-title":"Antibiotics in wastewater: baseline of the influent and effluent streams in Kuwait","volume":"10","author":"Gevao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Phenotypic trends and molecular mechanisms of Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in Bangladesh: a scoping review","volume":"0","author":"Islam","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu313","article-title":"Vancomycin, metronidazole, or tolevamer for Clostridium difficile infection: results from two multinational, randomized, controlled trials","volume":"59","author":"Johnson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib9","first-page":"83","article-title":"Evaluation of metronidazole toxicity: a prospective study","volume":"19","author":"Kapoor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.038075-0","article-title":"Introducing EzTaxon-e: a prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene sequence database with phylotypes that represent uncultured species","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1403772","article-title":"Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"372","author":"Leffler","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3623","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043623","article-title":"Toxicity of tetracycline and metronidazole in Chlorella pyrenoidosa","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15871","article-title":"Effects of metronidazole on the fecal microbiome and metabolome in healthy dogs","volume":"34","author":"Pilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105733","article-title":"Antibiotic residues in final effluents of European wastewater treatment plants and their impact on the aquatic environment","volume":"140","author":"Rodriguez-Mozaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib16","first-page":"406","article-title":"The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees","volume":"4","author":"Saitou","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.9.4127-4129.2004","article-title":"Isolation of metronidazole-resistant Bacteroides fragilis carrying the nimA nitroreductase gene from a patient in Washington State","volume":"42","author":"Schapiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1093\/etojnl\/vgaf235","article-title":"Study of the green microalga Chlorella sorokiniana for the removal of nutrients and multiple antibiotics in wastewater treatment","volume":"45","author":"Sethanunt","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.121595","article-title":"Vanadium trioxide mediated peroxymonosulfate for fast metronidazole oxidation: stepwise oxidation of vanadium for donating electrons","volume":"298","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Se Purif Technol"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(62)92243-2","article-title":"Metronidazole in acute ulcerative gingivitis","volume":"279","author":"Shinn","year":"1962","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0002006","article-title":"Enhanced removal of metronidazole from aqueous solutions via bioelectrochemical systems","volume":"148","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Environ Eng"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e41538","article-title":"Risk assessment and photo-disinfection of antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water sources from Ede, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Taylor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2017.1303589","article-title":"Statistical optimization for the production of recombinant cold-adapted superoxide dismutase in E. coli using response surface methodology","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2022.128509","article-title":"Reduction of metronidazole in municipal wastewater and protection of activated sludge system using a novel immobilized Aspergillus tabacinus LZ-M","volume":"369","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioresour technol"},{"key":"2026053008412458600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553734","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1553734","article-title":"RdxA-independent mechanism of Helicobacter pylori metronidazole metabolism","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["FEMS Microbiology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsle\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnag059\/68292497\/fnag059.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsle\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnag059\/68292497\/fnag059.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsle\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnag059\/68292497\/fnag059.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T12:41:35Z","timestamp":1780144895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsle\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnag059\/8678851"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Hermann","family":"Heipieper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":25,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnag059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-6968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-6968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"fnag059"}}