{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T15:06:06Z","timestamp":1784041566273,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We assessed the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of nitrofurantoin in a panel of Neisseria\u00a0gonorrhoeae strains. Four N. gonorrhoeae strains\u2014three WHO reference strains (WHO U, WHO P, WHO V) and a clinical isolate from a patient with symptomatic urethritis (25566) were tested for nitrofurantoin susceptibility using E-tests on GC agar. To investigate resistance emergence, each strain was serially passaged on GC agar with a nitrofurantoin gradient E-tests for ten consecutive days. Nitrofurantoin-resistant isolates (n = 3) underwent whole genome sequencing (WGS) to identify resistance-associated mutations. In vivo efficacy was evaluated using the Galleria\u00a0mellonella infection model: larvae were infected with N. gonorrhoeae 25566 and treated with nitrofurantoin at 5 mg\/kg or 50 mg\/kg. Larval survival and melanization were monitored up to 48 h. We found that the nitrofurantoin MICs were between 0.5 and 24 \u00b5g\/ml. WGS identified a canonical point mutation at nfsB at position 155 (G\u00e0A) for WHO U-S3 isolate, whereas WHO P-S2, WHO V-S4, showed no new nfsB point mutations despite MIC increases. A dose of 50\u00a0mg\/kg was effective against N. gonorrhoeae in the G. mellonella infection model. Constant exposure to nitrofurantoin over 10 days resulted in increases in MIC in three of four strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnag079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T11:56:39Z","timestamp":1783511799000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nitrofurantoin activity against\n                    <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae:<\/i>\n                    an\u00a0\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>\n                    study in\n                    <i>Galleria mellonella<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"373","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5918-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izumo","family":"Kanesaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"STI Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine , Antwerp 2000 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