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Although eukaryotic expression systems can produce correctly assembled VP1, they are associated with high costs and complexity. The Escherichia coli prokaryotic expression system is attractive for large-scale expression; however, VP1 often aggregates into insoluble inclusion bodies in conventional strains [BL21 (DE3)]. The ArcticExpress (DE3) strain co-expresses psychrophilic chaperonins to improve protein folding at low temperatures enhancing the soluble yield of difficult-to-express targets. In this study, we demonstrated that E. coli ArcticExpress (DE3) under low-temperature induction enabled the high-yield production of soluble full-length VP1 for HuNoVs GII.4 and GII.17. In BL21 (DE3), the mentioned antigens were aggregated into insoluble inclusion bodies. Using ArcticExpress(DE3), VP1 yield was identified as approximately 18\u201393 mg\/l across the tested genotypes. In BL21 (DE3), the protein outcome was genotype-dependent: GII.4 could be recovered only via insoluble-fraction processing, GII.17 remained undetectable or present only at trace levels under the conditions tested. The ArcticExpress-derived viral antigen retained antigenic properties and was recognized by cross-reactive anti-GII antibodies. To our knowledge, this study provides evidence that ArcticExpress (DE3) enables the soluble production of full-length HuNoVs VP1 suitable for downstream immunochemical analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnag088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:21:38Z","timestamp":1785151298000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficient production of soluble full-length norovirus VP1 in\n                    <i>Escherichia coli<\/i>\n                    ArcticExpress (DE3) with potential for diagnostic assay development"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"373","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5724-2284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Illia","family":"Kazlouski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Infections with a Natural Reservoir, Research Institute of Hygiene, Toxicology, Epidemiology, Virology and Microbiology, Republican Center for Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public 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