{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T13:12:12Z","timestamp":1789996332473,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":245,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2024-04228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2024-04228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003151","name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 Nature et technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["372579"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["372579"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Legionella anisa has been frequently isolated from engineered water systems; however, its population structure remains understudied compared to Legionella pneumophila. Here, we generated complete genome sequences for four L. anisa isolates recovered from a healthcare facility in Rimouski, Canada. Further the population structure of this species was investigated by performing comparative genomic analyses of the genomes generated in this study together with publicly available L. anisa genomes. Genome-wide phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of three distinct clades separated by substantial genetic divergence (\u223c500 single nucleotide polymorphisms), with the Rimouski isolates forming a tightly clustered group, suggesting a clonal lineage. Comparative pangenome analysis indicated moderate core genome conservation accompanied by a highly variable accessory genome (\u223c50%). The isolates characterized in this study harbored multiple plasmids encoding genes associated with conjugation, heavy metal resistance, and other stress-related functions, suggesting potential roles in environmental persistence. Previous studies have shown that L. anisa can proliferate within protozoan host cells, although outcomes vary depending on the host species. Our isolates showed efficient proliferation within\u00a0Acanthamoeba castellanii, but not within\u00a0Vermamoeba vermiformis, under the conditions tested. Together, these findings underscore the genomic diversity of this understudied Legionella species and provide a framework for future investigations regarding environmental persistence and potential pathogenicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsle\/fnag100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T13:00:21Z","timestamp":1788440421000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative genomic analysis reveals distinct population structure in\n                    <i>Legionella anisa<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"373","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Najeeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University Department of Natural Resource Sciences, , Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University Department of Natural Resource Sciences, , Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mich\u00e8le","family":"Pr\u00e9vost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polytechnique de Montreal Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, , Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Polytechnique de Montreal Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, , Montreal, Quebec H3C 3A7 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2721-7715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastien P","family":"Faucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University Department of Natural Resource Sciences, , Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire , Saint-Hyacinthe, Qu\u00e9bec J2S 2M2 ,","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Centreau \u2013 Centre qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois de recherche sur la gestion de l\u2019eau, Universit\u00e9 Laval , Qu\u00e9bec G1V 0A6 ,","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D690","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac920","article-title":"CARD 2023: expanded curation, support for machine learning, and resistome prediction at the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database","volume":"51","author":"Alcock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib2","article-title":"FastQC: a quality control tool for high throughput sequence data (Version v3)","author":"Andrews","year":"2010"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01313","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01313-18","article-title":"Evolution of the arsenal of Legionella pneumophila effectors to modulate protist hosts","volume":"9","author":"Best","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177943","article-title":"Copper resistance in Legionella pneumophila: role of genetic factors and host cells","volume":"958","author":"Cameron","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib5","volume-title":"Legionella (Legionnaires\u2019 Disease and Pontiac Fever)","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib6","volume-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 Disease Surveillance Summary Report, United States, 2018\u20132019","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib7","volume-title":"Legionella Laboratory Procedures Manual","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.107","article-title":"Ultrafast one-pass FASTQ data preprocessing, quality control, and deduplication using fastp","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21081101","article-title":"The contribution of Legionella anisa to Legionella contamination of water in the built environment","volume":"21","author":"Crook","year":"2024","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1196","article-title":"Rapid phylogenetic analysis of large samples of recombinant bacterial whole genome sequences using Gubbins","volume":"43","author":"Croucher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10101350","article-title":"Intracellular behaviour of Legionella non-pneumophila strains within three Amoeba strains, including Willaertia magna C2c Maky","volume":"10","author":"Croze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13056","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13056","article-title":"NanoForms: an integrated server for processing, analysis and assembly of raw sequencing data of microbial genomes, from Oxford Nanopore technology","volume":"10","author":"Czmil","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"btad311","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad311","article-title":"NanoPack2: population-scale evaluation of long-read sequencing data","volume":"39","author":"De\u00a0Coster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-023-11078-z","article-title":"Legionella anisa or Legionella bozemanii? Traditional and molecular techniques as support in the environmental surveillance of a hospital water network","volume":"195","author":"De\u00a0Giglio","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib15","volume-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 Disease (Annual Epidemiological Report for 2019)","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib16","volume-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 Disease (Annual Epidemiological Report for 2020)","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib17","volume-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 Disease (Annual Epidemiological Report for 2021)","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib18","volume-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 Disease (Annual Epidemiological Report for 2023)","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.9.3139-3142.1990","article-title":"Virulence of a Legionella anisa strain associated with Pontiac fever: an evaluation using protozoan, cell culture, and guinea pig models","volume":"58","author":"Fields","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms6030071","article-title":"Detection of Legionella anisa in water from hospital dental chair units and molecular characterization by whole-genome sequencing","volume":"6","author":"Fleres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81760","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081760","article-title":"When whole-genome alignments just wont work: kSNP v2 software for alignment-free SNP discovery and phylogenetics of hundreds of microbial genomes","volume":"8","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2511.181032","article-title":"Comparison of whole-genome sequences of Legionella pneumophila in tap water and in clinical strains, Flint, Michigan, USA, 2016","volume":"25","author":"Garner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a009993","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a009993","article-title":"Genome dynamics in Legionella: the basis of versatility and adaptation to intracellular replication","volume":"3","author":"Gomez-Valero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-536","article-title":"Extensive recombination events and horizontal gene transfer shaped the Legionella pneumophila genomes","volume":"12","author":"Gomez-Valero","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.49.2.305-309.1985","article-title":"Legionella anisa: a new species of Legionella isolated from potable waters and a cooling tower","volume":"49","author":"Gorman","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1967","article-title":"The Legionella pneumophila replication vacuole: making a cosy niche inside host cells","volume":"7","author":"Isberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib27","unstructured":"LeCo Project . mgabriell1\/LegioSpecies: LegioSpecies v1.0.0. Version v1.0.0 [Computer software]. Zenodo, 2024, 10.5281\/ZENODO.11072745."},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkw594","article-title":"Macrolide resistance in Legionella pneumophila: the role of LpeAB efflux pump","volume":"72","author":"Massip","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032742","article-title":"Legionnaires\u2019 disease: state of the art knowledge of pathogenesis mechanisms of Legionella","volume":"15","author":"Mondino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0051325","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00513-25","article-title":"Comparative genome analysis investigation of nosocomial and community-acquired cases of Legionnaires\u2019 disease caused by ST2858 and ST378","volume":"13","author":"Najeeb","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020392","article-title":"Bacterial antagonistic species of the pathogenic genus Legionella isolated from cooling tower","volume":"10","author":"Paranjape","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W282","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky467","article-title":"The Microbial Genomes Atlas (MiGA) webserver: taxonomic and gene diversity analysis of archaea and Bacteria at the whole genome level","volume":"46","author":"Rodriguez-R","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: rapid prokaryotic genome annotation","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib34","article-title":"Abricate","volume-title":"Version v2 [Computer software]","author":"Seemann","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2007.03.009","article-title":"Legionella pathogenicity: genome structure, regulatory networks and the host cell response","volume":"297","author":"Steinert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091964","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1091964","article-title":"Genomic characterization and assessment of pathogenic potential of Legionella spp. Isolates from environmental monitoring","volume":"13","author":"Svetlicic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5c05335","article-title":"Monitoring Legionella in drinking water: should we focus on L. pneumophila or all species to effectively protect public health?","volume":"60","author":"Sylvestre","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14101053","article-title":"Comparison of phenotypic and whole-genome sequencing-derived antimicrobial resistance profiles of Legionella pneumophila isolated in England and Wales from 2020 to 2023","volume":"14","author":"Tewolde","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-020-02090-4","article-title":"Producing polished prokaryotic pangenomes with the Panaroo pipeline","volume":"21","author":"Tonkin-Hill","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv383","article-title":"Bandage: interactive visualization of de novo genome assemblies","volume":"31","author":"Wick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026092108570337900_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2020.12.027","article-title":"The ecology of plasmid-coded antibiotic resistance: a basic framework for experimental research and modeling","volume":"19","author":"Zwanzig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"}],"container-title":["FEMS Microbiology Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsle\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnag100\/70942492\/fnag100.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsle\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnag100\/70942492\/fnag100.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsle\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnag100\/70942492\/fnag100.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:57:13Z","timestamp":1789995433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsle\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnag100\/8781086"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Conor","family":"Meehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":41,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsle\/fnag100","relation":{},"ISSN":["1574-6968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1574-6968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"fnag100"}}