{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:14:57Z","timestamp":1788408897207,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":62,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000125","name":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000125","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN272201400007C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN272201400007C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI139077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI139077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Secondary bacterial infection is a common complication in severe influenza virus infections. During the H1N1 pandemic of 2009, increased mortality was observed among healthy young adults due to secondary bacterial pneumonia, one of the most frequent bacterial species being Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn). Previous studies in mice and ferrets have suggested a synergistic relationship between Spn and influenza viruses. In this study, the ferret model was used to examine whether secondary Spn infection (strains BHN97 and D39) influence replication and airborne transmission of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus (H1N1pdm09). Secondary infection with Spn after H1N1pdm09 infection consistently resulted in a significant decrease in viral titers in the ferret nasal washes. While secondary Spn infection appeared to negatively impact influenza virus replication, animals precolonized with Spn were equally susceptible to H1N1pdm09 airborne transmission. In line with previous work, ferrets with preceding H1N1pdm09 and secondary Spn infection had increased bacterial loads and more severe clinical symptoms as compared to animals infected with H1N1pdm09 or Spn alone. Interestingly, the donor animals that displayed the most severe clinical symptoms had reduced airborne transmission of H1N1pdm09. Based on these data, we propose an asymmetrical relationship between these two pathogens, rather than a synergistic one, since secondary bacterial infection enhances Spn colonization and pathogenesis but decreases viral titers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtac007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]],"date-time":"2022-03-04T09:23:22Z","timestamp":1646385802000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Secondary infection with\n                    <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    decreases influenza virus replication and is linked to severe disease"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5310-9876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karina","family":"Mueller\u00a0Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8388-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie","family":"Le\u00a0Sage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 450 Technology Drive , Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea J","family":"French","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 450 Technology Drive , Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer E","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 450 Technology Drive , Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella H","family":"Padovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 450 Technology Drive , Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika J","family":"Avery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 450 Technology Drive , Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2021-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacey","family":"Schultz-Cherry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason W","family":"Rosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6572-1368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N Luisa","family":"Hiller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue , Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7679-2150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seema S","family":"Lakdawala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 450 Technology Drive , Bridgeside Point II, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA"},{"name":"Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041117235273300_","first-page":"1","article-title":"Rgg-Shp regulators are important for pneumococcal colonization and invasion through their effect on mannose utilization and capsule synthesis","volume":"8","author":"Andrew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2023041117235273300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.64","article-title":"Considerations regarding appropriate sample size for conducting ferret transmission experiments","volume":"8","author":"Belser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fut Microbiol"},{"key":"2023041117235273300_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a038323","article-title":"Ferreting out influenza virus pathogenicity and 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