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The vcrA operon is found on a Genomic Island (GI) and, therefore, believed to participate in horizontal gene transfer (HGT). To try to induce HGT of the vcrA-GI, we blended two enrichment cultures in medium without ammonium while providing VC. We hypothesized that these conditions would select for a mutant strain of D. mccartyi that could both fix nitrogen and respire VC. However, after more than 4 years of incubation, we found no evidence for HGT of the vcrA-GI. Rather, we observed VC-dechlorinating activity attributed to the trichloroethene reductase TceA. Sequencing and protein modelling revealed a mutation in the predicted active site of TceA, which may have influenced substrate specificity. We also identified two nitrogen-fixing D. mccartyi strains in the KB-1 culture. The presence of multiple strains of D. mccartyi with distinct phenotypes is a feature of natural environments and certain enrichment cultures (such as KB-1), and may enhance bioaugmentation success. The fact that multiple distinct strains persist in the culture for decades and that we could not induce HGT of the vcrA-GI suggests that it is not as mobile as predicted, or that mobility is restricted in ways yet to be discovered to specific subclades of Dehalococcoides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtac021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T19:26:56Z","timestamp":1657308416000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Long-term survival of\n                    <i>Dehalococcoides mccartyi<\/i>\n                    strains in mixed cultures under electron acceptor and ammonium limitation"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2359-713X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadia","family":"Morson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto , 25 Harbord St, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5 , 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