{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:20:02Z","timestamp":1787008802885,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":57,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is an extremely \u201csuccessful\u201d opportunistic parasite that infects most warm-blooded animals, including humans. While the infection is generally largely asymptomatic, the infection of the eye presenting as ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is a potentially blinding consequence. OT remains the most common cause of infectious retinochoroiditis and places a considerable socio-economic burden on societies, particularly in developing countries. Age is one of several factors influencing the clinical presentation and outcomes of OT. Older patients often exhibit more severe disease manifestations, larger retinal lesions, and poorer visual outcomes compared to younger individuals. This disparity is attributed to immunosenescence, the age-related decline in immune function, which impairs the body's ability to control the infection effectively. Consequently, older individuals are at a higher risk of severe complications and recurrent episodes of inflammation. Understanding the interplay between age and immune response is essential for developing targeted treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes in OT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtaf002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T08:52:04Z","timestamp":1740473524000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Age and ocular toxoplasmosis: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alejandra","family":"de-la-Torre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), Neurovitae Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario , Bogot\u00e1 ,","place":["Colombia"]},{"name":"Ophthalmology Interest Group Universidad del Rosario. (OIG UR). Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario , Bogot\u00e1 ,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Mej\u00eda-Salgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), Neurovitae Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Translational Medicine (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario , Bogot\u00e1 ,","place":["Colombia"]},{"name":"Ophthalmology Interest Group Universidad del Rosario. (OIG UR). Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario , Bogot\u00e1 ,","place":["Colombia"]},{"name":"Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Bucaramanga UNAB , Bucaramanga ,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin Taghavi","family":"Eraghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Bucaramanga UNAB , Bucaramanga ,","place":["Colombia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5569-1473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Pleyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Bucaramanga UNAB , Bucaramanga ,","place":["Colombia"]},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Charit\u00e9 Campus Virchow Klinikum, Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin ,","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)00990-9","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"109","author":"Bosch-Driessen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01704-X","article-title":"Ophthalmic outcomes after prenatal and postnatal treatment of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"135","author":"Br\u00e9zin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-427","article-title":"An overview of seventy years of research (1944\u20132014) on toxoplasmosis in Colombia, South America","volume":"7","author":"Ca\u00f1\u00f3n-Franco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0399-077X(96)80188-0","article-title":"La toxoplasmose chez la femme enceinte en France\u202f: s\u00e9ropr\u00e9valence, taux de s\u00e9roconversion et niveau de connaissance des mesures pr\u00e9ventives. Tendances 1965\u20131995","volume":"26","author":"Carme","year":"1996","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Et Maladies Infectieuses"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.02.028","article-title":"Colombian Ocular Infectious Epidemiology Study (COIES): ocular toxoplasmosis incidence and sociodemographic characterization, 2015\u20132019","volume":"117","author":"Cifuentes-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1962.tb03221.x","article-title":"Congenital and maternal toxoplasmosis. a review of 300 congenital cases","volume":"4","author":"Couvreur","year":"1962","journal-title":"Develop Med Child Neuro"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83051-0","article-title":"Frequency and visual outcomes of ocular toxoplasmosis in an adult Brazilian population","volume":"11","author":"De\u00a0Angelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2008.219","article-title":"Incidence and clinical characteristics in a Colombian cohort of ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"23","author":"de-la-Torre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002541","article-title":"Severe South American ocular toxoplasmosis is associated with decreased Ifn-\u03b3\/Il-17a and increased Il-6\/Il-13 intraocular levels","volume":"7","author":"de-la-Torre","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.041115","article-title":"Waterborne Toxoplasmosis, Brazil, from field to gene","volume":"12","author":"De\u00a0Moura","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.09.006","article-title":"Intraocular inflammation associated with ocular toxoplasmosis: relationships at initial examination","volume":"146","author":"Dodds","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2011.00916.x","article-title":"Serologic evidence that Ascaris and Toxoplasma infections impact inflammatory responses to Helicobacter pylori in Colombians","volume":"17","author":"Ek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311145","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1311145","article-title":"The role of age in ocular toxoplasmosis: clinical signs of immunosenescence and inflammaging","volume":"11","author":"Eraghi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1969.00990010483005","article-title":"Variations in recurrent active toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis","volume":"81","author":"Friedmann","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.123661","article-title":"Recurrence characteristics in European patients with ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"92","author":"Garweg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3005.231045","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Infections and Associated Factors in Female Children and Adolescents, Germany","volume":"30","author":"Giese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899002800","article-title":"Incidence of symptomatic toxoplasma eye disease: aetiology and public health implications","volume":"123","author":"Gilbert","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.84.2.224","article-title":"Is ocular toxoplasmosis caused by prenatal or postnatal infection?","volume":"84","author":"Gilbert","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73976-5","article-title":"An unusually high prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis in Southern Brazil","volume":"114","author":"Glasner","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2117705","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"31","author":"Goh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06659","article-title":"High frequency of ocular toxoplasmosis in Quind\u00edo, Colombia and risk factors related to the infection","volume":"7","author":"G\u00f3mez-Mar\u00edn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2008.01.023","article-title":"Analysis of recurrence patterns associated with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis","volume":"145","author":"Holland","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.09.040","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis: a global reassessment","volume":"136","author":"Holland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05398-1","article-title":"The association between Toxoplasma infection and mortality: the NHANES epidemiologic follow-up study","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(97)30362-5","article-title":"Atypical, severe toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in elderly patients","volume":"104","author":"Johnson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0013","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence in the United States 2009\u20132010 and comparison with the past two decades","volume":"90","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am SocTropic Med Hygiene"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/154.4.357","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in the United States: seroprevalence and risk factors","volume":"154","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2021.1922706","article-title":"Pathophysiological aspects of ocular toxoplasmosis: host\u2013parasite interactions","volume":"30","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(71)90892-1","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis: a prospective study of 4,048 obstetric patients","volume":"111","author":"Kimball","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90785-3","article-title":"Results of 20-year follow-up of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"327","author":"Koppe","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2708.203740","article-title":"Estimates of toxoplasmosis incidence based on healthcare claims data, Germany, 2011\u20132016","volume":"27","author":"Krings","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)01324-7","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis after the fifth decade","volume":"133","author":"Labalette","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-019-06473-w","article-title":"Food safety assessment and risk for toxoplasmosis in school restaurants in Armenia, Colombia","volume":"118","author":"Luna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104465","article-title":"Serotyping, host genes and cytokines response in human ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"148","author":"Mantilla-Muriel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/18.1.38","article-title":"Early and longitudinal evaluations of treated infants and children and untreated historical patients with congenital toxoplasmosis: the chicago collaborative treatment trial","volume":"18","author":"McAuley","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)72057-4","article-title":"Eye manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"122","author":"Mets","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13100898","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis: advances in toxoplasma gondii biology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, and therapy","volume":"13","author":"Miyagaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00597","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00597-17","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in cytokine genes in colombian patients with ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"86","author":"Naranjo-Galvis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11102508","article-title":"Genetic variations in the Purinergic P2\u00d77 Receptor are associated with the immune response to ocular toxoplasmosis in Colombia","volume":"11","author":"Naranjo-Galvis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1080\/09273948.2022.2140297","article-title":"Clinical and serological characteristics of ocular toxoplasmosis in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"31","author":"Nsiangani\u00a0Lusambo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)00266-4","article-title":"Serologic evaluation of patients with primary and recurrent ocular toxoplasmosis for evidence of recent infection","volume":"128","author":"Ongkosuwito","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114210","article-title":"A simple model relevant to toxoplasmosis applied to epidemiologic results in france","volume":"123","author":"Papoz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.09.007","article-title":"New clinical and experimental insights into Old World and neotropical ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"44","author":"Pfaff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2019.0435","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in Germany: epidemiology, diagnosis, risk factors, and treatment","volume":"116","author":"Pleyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000363141","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis: recent aspects of pathophysiology and clinical implications","volume":"52","author":"Pleyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1086\/421505","article-title":"A multihousehold study reveals a positive correlation between age, severity of ocular toxoplasmosis, and levels of glycoinositolphospholipid-specific immunoglobulin A","volume":"190","author":"Portela","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000205","article-title":"Ocular toxoplasmosis: background and evidence for an antibiotic prophylaxis","volume":"26","author":"Reich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)76638-3","article-title":"Acquired toxoplasmic infection as the cause of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in families","volume":"106","author":"Silveira","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(00)00830-8","article-title":"A follow-up study of Toxoplasma gondii infection in southern Brazil","volume":"131","author":"Silveira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.65.4.706","article-title":"An outbreak of toxoplasmosis linked to cats","volume":"65","author":"Stagno","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.59.5.669","article-title":"Auditory and visual defects resulting from symptomatic and subclinical congenital cytomegaloviral and toxoplasma infections","volume":"59","author":"Stagno","year":"1977","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e136","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026882300122X","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated risk factors for infection in the Netherlands: third cross-sectional national study","volume":"151","author":"Van\u00a0Den\u00a0Berg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.04.042","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis in Southeastern Brazil: results of early ophthalmologic examination of a large cohort of neonates","volume":"116","author":"Vasconcelos-Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-2277.2009.00927.x","article-title":"The aging of the immune system","volume":"22","author":"Weiskopf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transpl Int"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.66.5.767","article-title":"Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital Toxoplasma infection","volume":"66","author":"Wilson","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1076\/0927-3948(200009)831-KFT149","article-title":"Localization and characterization of immunocompetent cells in the human retina","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm"},{"key":"2025092210522676200_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2022-321091","article-title":"Current practice in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis","volume":"107","author":"Yogeswaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["FEMS Microbes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsmicrobes\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsmc\/xtaf002\/62178701\/xtaf002.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsmicrobes\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsmc\/xtaf002\/62178701\/xtaf002.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsmicrobes\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsmc\/xtaf002\/62178701\/xtaf002.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T14:52:40Z","timestamp":1758552760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsmicrobes\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/femsmc\/xtaf002\/8043260"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":57,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsmc\/xtaf002","relation":{},"ISSN":["2633-6685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2633-6685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"xtaf002"}}