{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T23:12:12Z","timestamp":1784934732652,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":115,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006111","name":"MCTES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006111","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a critical issue across various ecological interfaces, highlighting the need for a One Health approach. Enterococcus spp., known for their ability to acquire and disseminate resistance, serve as an excellent model due to their presence in diverse hosts and environments. This study investigates antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation capacity, and the efficacy of antibiotics on biofilm biomass reduction in isolates from multiple sources. A total of 197 Enterococcus isolates were used. Antimicrobial resistance was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentrations were tested against vancomycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin. Biofilm formation capacity was assessed, and 10 biofilm-formers were subjected to minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) tests to evaluate biofilm biomass reduction. The results showed high resistance rates to erythromycin (84.5%), ciprofloxacin (59.4%), and tetracycline (44.4%), with moderate resistance to ampicillin (36.2%), chloramphenicol (28%), and vancomycin (24.7%). Biofilm formation was observed in 65% of the isolates, with Enterococcus hirae producing the most biofilm biomass. Vancomycin and ampicillin were more effective in reducing biofilm biomass than tetracycline. Ampicillin-resistant isolates produced more biofilm, suggesting a link between resistance and biofilm formation. This study highlights the complexity of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. and their biofilms, emphasizing the need for research on One Health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtaf005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]],"date-time":"2025-04-25T08:03:45Z","timestamp":1745568225000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparative analysis of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation in <i>Enterococcus<\/i> spp. across One Health domains"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9406-8433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE , Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085, Caparica ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, , 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) , 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART) , Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, , 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) , 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART) , Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE , Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085, Caparica ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, , 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) , 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART) , Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilberto","family":"Igrejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE , Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085, Caparica ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, , 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD) , 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LAQV-REQUIMTE , Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1099-085, Caparica ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART) , Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS) ,","place":["Portugal"]},{"name":"CECAV \u2013 Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro , 5000-801, Vila Real ,","place":["Portugal"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A systematic review of antibiotic resistance trends and treatment options for hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant infections","volume":"14","author":"Agyeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2017.0147","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a review of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and perspectives of human and animal health","volume":"24","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.22207\/JPAM.13.1.59","article-title":"Phenotypic investigation of vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid resistance among Enterococcus spp. isolated from children diarrhea","volume":"13","author":"Al-Dahmoshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pure Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771510","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.771510","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance: one health one world outlook","volume":"11","author":"Aslam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100298","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in wildlife and in the built environment in a wildlife rehabilitation center","volume":"13","author":"Baros\u00a0Jorquera","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Heal"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.24425\/124314","article-title":"Assessment of biofilm formation by faecal strains of Enterococcus hirae from different species of animals","volume":"21","author":"Bino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol J Vet Sci"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.10.045","article-title":"Wildlife contamination with fluoroquinolones from livestock: widespread occurrence of enrofloxacin and marbofloxacin in vultures","volume":"144","author":"Blanco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.12.003","article-title":"Human health risks associated with antimicrobial-resistant enterococci and Staphylococcus aureus on poultry meat","volume":"22","author":"Bortolaia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.21838","article-title":"Medical biofilms","volume":"100","author":"Bryers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-6147","article-title":"Companion psittacine birds as reservoir of gentamicin and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp","volume":"40","author":"Cabral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pesqui Veterin\u00e1ria Bras"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2017-0107","article-title":"Tetracycline and rifampicin induced a viable but nonculturable state in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms","volume":"13","author":"Carvalhais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202000677","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies to counteract antibiotic resistance in MRSA biofilm-associated infections","volume":"16","author":"Cascioferro","year":"2021","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.10.013","article-title":"The multifaceted lifestyle of enterococci: genetic diversity, ecology and risks for public health","volume":"65","author":"Cattoir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki217","article-title":"Comparative assessment of antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci in biofilm versus planktonic culture as assessed by bacterial enumeration or rapid XTT colorimetry","volume":"56","author":"Cerca","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.160018","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance pattern of Enterococci isolates from nosocomial infections in a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India","volume":"6","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Biol Med"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0107-z","article-title":"Biofilm-associated infection by enterococci","volume":"17","author":"Ch'ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Micro"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4094","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00344-15","article-title":"Multiple roles for Enterococcus faecalis glycosyltransferases in biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance, cell envelope integrity, and conjugative transfer","volume":"59","author":"Dale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_19_355","article-title":"Biofilm synthesis and other virulence factors in multidrug-resistant uropathogenic enterococci isolated in Northern India","volume":"38","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s43042-019-0032-3","article-title":"Detection of high level aminoglycoside resistance genes among clinical isolates of Enterococcus species","volume":"20","author":"Diab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt J Med Hum Genet"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-017-0670-3","article-title":"Enterococcus hirae biofilm formation on hospital material surfaces and effect of new biocides","volume":"22","author":"Di\u00a0Lodovico","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Enterococci and their interactions with the intestinal microbiome","volume":"5","author":"Dubin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib22","volume-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Europe 2023\u20132021 Data","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-016-0197-9","article-title":"Characterization of an in vitro fed-batch model to obtain cells released from S. epidermidis biofilms","volume":"6","author":"Fran\u00e7a","year":"2016","journal-title":"AMB Expr"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6884","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6884","article-title":"Cells released from S. epidermidis biofilms present increased antibiotic tolerance to multiple antibiotics","volume":"7","author":"Gaio","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00058","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00058-18","article-title":"The Enterococcus: a model of adaptability to its environment","volume":"32","author":"Garc\u00eda-Solache","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09117-2","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance patterns, virulence genes, and biofilm formation in Enterococci strains collected from different sources","volume":"24","author":"Ghazvinian","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2019.100017","article-title":"Biofilm mechanics: implications in infection and survival","volume":"2","author":"Gloag","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02366","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance profiles in Enterococcus spp. isolates from fecal samples of wild and captive black Capuchin Monkeys (S apajus nigritus) in South Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Grassotti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-023-02834-9","article-title":"Assessment of antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of Enterococcus species isolated from different pig farm environments in Poland","volume":"23","author":"Grudlewska-Buda","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib30","first-page":"788","article-title":"Global emergence and dissemination of enterococci as nosocomial pathogens: attack of the clones?","volume":"7","author":"Guzman\u00a0Prieto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874070701913010001","article-title":"High frequency of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in sewage and fecal samples of healthy carriers","volume":"13","author":"Haghi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3866","DOI":"10.3390\/app13063866","article-title":"Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Enterococcus spp.: a retrospective study in hospitals of Southeast Romania","volume":"13","author":"Iancu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00175-2","article-title":"Taxonomy, ecology and antibiotic resistance of enterococci from food and the gastro-intestinal tract","volume":"88","author":"Klein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712455634","article-title":"Occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, and distribution of enterococcal clonal complex 17 from animals and human beings in Korea","volume":"24","author":"Kwon","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Diagnostic Investig"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib35","article-title":"Enterococcus diversity, origins in nature, and gut colonization","author":"Lebreton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Enterococci Commensals Lead Causes Drug Resist Infect [Internet]"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2006.03.008","article-title":"Effects of oxacillin and tetracycline on autolysis, autolysin processing and atl transcription in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"27","author":"Ledala","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2018.03.019","article-title":"Vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium isolated from Danish chicken meat is located on a pVEF4-like plasmid persisting in poultry for 18 years","volume":"52","author":"Leinweber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060753","article-title":"Use of antibiotics against bacterial infections on dairy sheep and goat farms: patterns of usage and associations with health management and human resources","volume":"11","author":"Lianou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003033","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1003033","article-title":"Strategies to prevent, curb and eliminate biofilm formation based on the characteristics of various periods in one biofilm life cycle","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2013.01.017","article-title":"Echinoderms from Azores islands: an unexpected source of antibiotic resistant Enterococcus spp. And Escherichia coli isolates","volume":"69","author":"Marinho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.3934\/microbiol.2022019","article-title":"Biofilms: formation, drug resistance and alternatives to conventional approaches","volume":"8","author":"Mirghani","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIMS Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47331-0","article-title":"Biofilm formation by enterococci","volume":"56","author":"Mohamed","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020018","DOI":"10.5620\/eaht.2020018","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant, toxic metal-tolerant and biofilm-forming bacteria in hospital surroundings","volume":"35","author":"Nath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Anal Heal Toxicol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2015.07.009","article-title":"Deletions in a ribosomal protein-coding gene are associated with tigecycline resistance in Enterococcus faecium","volume":"46","author":"Niebel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01542.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance among faecal enterococci from healthy individuals in Portugal","volume":"12","author":"Novais","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib46","article-title":"Mechanism involved in biofilm formation of Enterococcus faecalis","volume-title":"Focus on Bacterial Biofilms","author":"Oli","year":"2022"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00390","article-title":"Compositional analysis of biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food sources","volume":"7","author":"Oniciuc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2007.11.010","article-title":"Comparison of multiple methods for quantification of microbial biofilms grown in microtiter plates","volume":"72","author":"Peeters","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00514","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.514","article-title":"Genomic insights into the pathogenicity and environmental adaptability of Enterococcus hirae R17 isolated from pork offered for retail sale","volume":"6","author":"Peng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66221","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00023","article-title":"Potential impact of antimicrobial resistance in wildlife, environment and human health","volume":"5","author":"Radhouani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2004.024109","article-title":"Biofilm formation and esp gene carriage in enterococci","volume":"58","author":"Ramadhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061614","article-title":"Microbial biofilm: a review on formation, infection, antibiotic resistance, control measures, and innovative treatment","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2023.100084","article-title":"Biofilms: understanding the structure and contribution towards bacterial resistance in antibiotics","volume":"16","author":"Shree","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Microecol"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7854968","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7854968","article-title":"Antibiotic susceptibility pattern and biofilm formation in clinical isolates of Enterococcus spp","volume":"2019","author":"Shridhar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib55","first-page":"271","article-title":"Surveillance and environmental risk assessment of antibiotics and AMR\/ARGs related with MRSA: One Health perspective","volume-title":"Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Emerging Contaminants and Associated Treatment Technologies","author":"Silva","year":"2020"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47602-w","article-title":"Biofilm formation capacity and presence of virulence factors among commensal Enterococcus spp. from wild birds","volume":"9","author":"St\u0119pie\u0144-Py\u015bniak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4064-z","article-title":"Distribution of acquired antibiotic resistance genes among Enterococcus spp. isolated from a hospital in Baotou, China","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fty018","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/fty018","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing based characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus","volume":"76","author":"Tyson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fty018","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/fty018","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing based characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus","volume":"76","author":"Tyson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2018.0221","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation in Enterococcus spp. Isolated from humans and turkeys in Poland","volume":"25","author":"Wo\u017aniak-Biel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/jmicro\/50.4.359","article-title":"Suppressed localization of a major autolysin on Staphylococcus aureus treated with tetracycline","volume":"50","author":"Yamada","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Electron Microsc"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3937","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61002-5","article-title":"Surveillance of Enterococcus spp. reveals distinct species and antimicrobial resistance diversity across a one-health continuum","volume":"10","author":"Zaheer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2025092210521930600_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000647","article-title":"Characterization of biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis isolates derived from urinary tract infections in China","volume":"67","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"}],"container-title":["FEMS Microbes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsmicrobes\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsmc\/xtaf005\/63012776\/xtaf005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsmicrobes\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsmc\/xtaf005\/63012776\/xtaf005.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsmicrobes\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/femsmc\/xtaf005\/63012776\/xtaf005.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T14:52:30Z","timestamp":1758552750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/femsmicrobes\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/femsmc\/xtaf005\/8120271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":63,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/femsmc\/xtaf005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2633-6685"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2633-6685","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"article-number":"xtaf005"}}