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Being such a generalist poses challenges for how the parasite can be optimized for growth in cell types that might be radically different in their metabolism and other aspects, including host defenses and microenvironments. To explore how the parasite might adapt to finding itself in a different host, we started with a Type II line of T. gondii (ME49) that had been grown for at least the past 20 years exclusively in vivo. This line was then used to repeatedly infect two cell lines in vitro, human foreskin fibroblasts and Madin\u2013Darby bovine kidney cells. After at least 70 such passages in one or other host cell type, the resulting lines were compared with respect to growth differences, secretion of an important adhesin (MIC2), and transcriptome. The results showed that passage on these two host cell lines results in profound and reproducible differences in parasite phenotype, including attachment\/invasion, MIC2 secretion, and gene expression. The transcriptomic differences were especially pronounced for parasite surface antigen genes. The implications of these results for how T. gondii deals with its breadth of possible intermediate hosts are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtag006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T12:43:45Z","timestamp":1769863425000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>In vitro<\/i>\n                    growth of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    tachyzoites on different host cell lines selects for changes in efficiency of invasion and parasite surface antigen gene expression"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4770-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adit","family":"Naor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine Department of Microbiology and Immunology, , 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305 ,","place":["United 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